rfc1578.txt

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      FidoNet, for example, is a network of amateurs and hobbyists which
      operates on personal computers and is publicly accessible by
      anyone with a microcomputer and a modem.  Contact information for
      all three organizations can be found in Section 9, "Resources and
      Contacts".

6.  Questions About Security and Ethics

   6.1  Who should have access in the school, the teachers or the
        students?

      Clearly the answer is that all educators, including administrators
      and media specialists or librarians, AND students should have
      access to the Internet.  There's no reason why support staff
      should not also have access.  In elementary schools, access for
      students may be more supervised than in the upper grades.









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   6.2  I've heard that there are files on the Internet that parents
        would not like their children to get.  How can students be
        kept from accessing this objectionable material?

      If your school has a direct Internet connection, and often even if
      it doesn't, it is not possible to use a technical solution to
      prevent students from accessing objectionable material.  Everyone
      on the network, including students, is able to download files from
      public electronic repositories, some of which contain materials
      that just about anyone would consider objectionable for school-age
      children.  The store-and-forward scenario described in Question
      5.5 is one solution to filtering the information to which students
      have access, but if students are allowed to use email then it is
      possible for someone to send them objectionable material.

      For this reason, it is important that schools develop clear
      policies to guide students' use of the Internet and establish
      rules, and consequences for breaking them, that govern behavior on
      the Internet.  Additionally, schools should consider integrating
      issues around technology and ethics into the curriculum [4].

      Another possibility is to control the times and opportunities that
      students have to access the Internet, and only allow access under
      supervision.  This is a less desirable option than teaching the
      ethics of Internet access as a matter of course, but may be used
      in combination with other methods to ensure the integrity of the
      school, its students, and its educators.

      In any case, schools need to exercise reasonable oversight while
      realizing that it is almost impossible to absolutely guarantee
      that students will not be able to access objectionable material.

   6.3  How do we keep our own and other people's computers safe from
        student "hackers"?

      In the language of computer folks, a "hacker" is someone who is
      excellent at understanding and manipulating computer systems. A
      "cracker" is someone who maliciously and/or illegally enters or
      attempts to enter someone else's computer system.

      Computer security is unquestionably important, both in maintaining
      the security of the school's computers and in ensuring the proper
      behavior of the school's students (and others who use the
      network).  In this area, not only school policy, but also state
      and national laws may apply.  Two sources of information which you
      can read to help you sort through security issues are:





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        "Site Security Handbook" (FYI 8)

        "Ethical Uses of Information Technologies in Education"
        (Sivin & Bialo)

      The full references for these documents can be found in Section 8,
      "Suggested Reading".  The pamphlet "Ethical Uses of Information
      Technologies in Education" is more applicable to the laws of the
      United States than to those of other countries, but several of the
      ideas are shared in various cultures.

   6.4  How do we keep viruses from attacking all our computers if we
        get connected to the Internet?

      If you use the Internet to exchange data (such as text or
      pictures), virus infection is generally not a problem.  The real
      concern is when you download software programs and run them on
      your own computer.  Any program you download over the network and
      run could have a virus.  For that matter, any program, whether on
      tape or a disk, even commercial software still in its original
      packaging, might possibly have a virus.  For this reason, all
      computers should have virus protection software running on them.

      Virus checking software is available free over the Internet via
      Anonymous FTP from the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT),
      which is run by the US National Institute for Standards and
      Technology (NIST).  The Anonymous FTP host computer is
      ftp.cert.org.  (For information on using Anonymous FTP, see
      Appendix B.)  Your hardware or software vendor, your network
      access provider, your technical support resources, or your
      colleagues on network mailing lists should be able to provide more
      specific information applicable to your site.

      To help reduce the risk of downloading a virus with your program,
      try to use trusted sources.  Ask someone you know or send the
      question to a mailing list or news group to find the most reliable
      sites for software access.

   6.5  What are the rules for using the Internet?

      When your Internet connection is established, your access provider
      should acquaint you with their Acceptable Use Policy (AUP).  This
      policy explains the acceptable and non-acceptable uses for your
      connection.  For example, it is in all cases unacceptable to use
      the network for illegal purposes.  It may, in some cases, be
      unacceptable to use the network for commercial purposes.  If such
      a policy is not mentioned, ask for it.  All users are expected to
      know what the acceptable and unacceptable uses of their network



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      are.  Remember that it is essential to establish a school-wide
      policy in addition to the provider's AUP.

7.   Questions About Educational Collaboration, Projects, and Resources

   7.1  How can I find specific projects using the Internet that are
        already developed?

      There are a several resources on the Internet that are directed
      specifically at the primary and secondary school communities, and
      the number is growing.  The InterNIC gopher server has a section
      on K-12 (Kindergarten through 12th grade) Education, the
      Consortium for School Networking maintains a gopher server, and
      NASA's Spacelink is directed at primary and secondary school
      educators.  NYSERNet's Empire Internet Schoolhouse is an extension
      of its Bridging the Gap program.  For access to these and others,
      see Section 9, "Resources and Contacts".

      Many people on electronic mailing lists such as Ednet, Kidsphere,
      and the Consortium for School Networking Discussion List
      (cosndisc) post their projects and ask for partners and
      collaborators.  The K12 hierarchy of Usenet News has several
      groups where educators post these invitations as well.  For
      subscription to these and other electronic lists and for names of
      news groups, see Section 9, "Resources and Contacts".  For news
      groups and mailing lists of special interest to educators, see the
      "Ednet Guide to Usenet Newsgroups" and "An Educator's Guide to E-
      Mail Lists", both of which are listed in Section 8, "Suggested
      Reading".

      As you explore the Internet, there are some tools that will help
      you find projects that are already developed.  A good overview of
      many of these resource discovery tools is the "Guide to Network
      Resource Tools" written by the European Academic Research Networks
      (EARN) Association.  It explains the basics of tools such as
      Gopher, Veronica, WAIS, Archie, and the World Wide Web, as well as
      others, and provides pointers for finding out more about these
      useful tools.  It is listed in Section 8, "Suggested Reading".

   7.2  Where do I go to find colleagues who support networking and
        schools willing to participate in projects?

      The electronic mailing lists and Usenet News groups in Section 9,
      "Resources and Contacts" are rich with people who want to
      collaborate on projects involving use of the Internet.

      There are also a number of conferences you may want to look in to.
      The National Education Computing Conference (NECC) is held



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      annually, as is Tel-Ed, a conference sponsored by the
      International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).  ISTE
      maintains an online server which has a calendar of conferences all
      over the world in telecommunications for education.  The INET
      conference is the annual conference for the Internet Society.  See
      Section 9, "Resources and Contacts", for contact information for
      these organizations and for information on access to ISTE's online
      server.

   7.3  What are some examples of how the Internet is being used in
        classrooms now?

      Projects which use the Internet sometimes request sites from all
      over the world to contribute data from the local area then compile
      that data for use by all.  Weather patterns, pollutants in water
      or air, and Monarch butterfly migration are some of the data that
      has been collected over the Internet.  In Appendix A you will find
      several examples from the Kidsphere electronic mailing list, each
      from a different content area and representing different ways of
      using the Internet.

      There are a number of specific projects you may find interesting.
      KIDS-94 (and subsequent years), managed by the non-profit KIDLINK
      Society, is one.  It currently includes ten discussion lists and
      services, some of them only for people who are ten through fifteen
      years old.  Another place to look is Academy One of the National
      Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN), which usually has between 5
      and 10 projects running at a time.  The International Education
      and Research Network (I*EARN), a project of the non-profit Copen
      Family Fund, facilitates telecommunications in schools around the
      world.  Chatback Trust, initiated to provide email for schools in
      the United Kingdom and around the world with students who have
      mental or physical difficulty with communicating, and Chatback
      International, directed at any school on the Internet, maintain a
      network server that you may want to investigate.  The European
      Schools Project involves approximately 200 schools in 20 countries
      and has as its goal building a support system for secondary school
      educators.  For contact information on these groups and server
      access, refer to Section 9, "Resources and Contacts".

   7.4  Is there a manual that lists sites on the Internet particularly
        useful for class exploration?

      There are a number of resource guides, and so far only a couple
      are directed specifically at an education audience.  "An
      Incomplete Guide to the Internet and Other Telecommunications
      Opportunities Especially for Teachers and Students K-12" is
      compiled by the NCSA Education Group and is available online.  The



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      "Internet Resource Directory for Educators, Version 2" is also
      available online.  It was prepared by a team of 46 teachers in
      Nebraska and Texas who were enrolled in telecomputing courses at
      two universities in 1992 and 1993.  Ednet's "Educator's Guide to
      Email Lists" is available electronically, as is the "Ednet Guide
      to Usenet News Groups".  ERIC offers several documents relating to
      telecommunications and education, including the ERIC Digest
      "Internet Basics", the ERIC Review "K-12 Networking",
      "Instructional Development for Distance Education", and
      "Strategies for Teaching at a Distance".  Complete bibliographic
      information for these documents is listed in Section 8, "Suggested
      Reading".  For help in retrieving the documents electronically,
      see Appendix B.

      There are also printed guides to the Internet appearing along with
      the new books on the Internet.  The problem with paper resource
      guides is that the Internet is a changing environment, so they
      become outdated quickly.  Check libraries, bookstores, and
      booksellers' catalogs for these guides.

      One answer to the problem of printed Internet guides is the
      newsletter.  NetTEACH NEWS is a newsletter specifically for
      primary and secondary school educators interested in networking.
      It contains information on new services on the Internet that are
      of interest to educators, projects for collaboration, conferences,
      new books and publications, and includes "The Instruction Corner",
      which gives practical tutorials on using network tools and
      services.  NetTEACH NEWS is published ten times a year, and is
      available both hardcopy and via email.  Subscription information
      can be found in Section 9, "Resources and Contacts".

   7.5  How can I add my own contributions to the Internet?

      The network server operated by the Consortium for School
      Networking exists expressly for the sharing of ideas by the
      elementary and secondary school community.  Educators are
      encouraged to submit projects, lesson plans, and ideas.  A gopher
      server maintained by PSGnet and RAINet also accepts educator
      submissions for addition to the many sections of its menu tree
      devoted to elementary and secondary school interests.  See Section
      9, "Resources and Contacts" for information on reaching CoSN or
      submitting materials, and for access to the server maintained by
      PSGnet and RAINet.  It is important to remember that anything you
      create should be updated for others as you make changes yourself
      in the course of your learning by experience.

      The electronic mail lists and news groups mentioned are also
      places to share your knowledge and yourself as a resource, and as



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      you gain experience you may find you have the knowledge to put up
      an electronic server at your own site.  A group of schools in
      Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the United States shares one such
      server, and there you could recently find and download to your own
      computer photographs and notes from an exhibit on the architecture
      of one of the elementary schools.

8.   Suggested Reading

      Those items marked with an asterisk (*) are available free online.
      For information on retrieving documents electronically, see
      Appendix B.

   Dearn, D.  The Internet Guide for New Users.