rfc1347.ps

中、英文RFC文档大全打包下载完全版 .

0 -35171 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Bold & P
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(4 ) h
1440 -35171 M
(Running TCP and UDP Over CLNP) h
0 -38078 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
45.1 0 32 (TCP is run directly on top of CLNP \(i.e., the TCP packet is encapsulated directly inside a CLNP) W
0 -39328 M
4.4 0 32 (packet ) W
4.4 0 32 (\002 the TCP header occurs directly following the CLNP header\). Use of TCP over CLNP is) W
0 -40578 M
3.0 0 32 (straightforward, with the only non\255trivial issue being how to generate the TCP pseudo\255header \(for) W
0 -41828 M
(use in generating the TCP checksum\).) h
0 -44335 M
37.7 0 32 (Note that TUBA runs TCP over CLNP on an end\255to\255end basis \(for example, there is no intention) W
0 -45585 M
65.7 0 32 (to translate CLNP packets into IP packets\). This implies that only "consenting updated systems") W
0 -46835 M
58.3 0 32 (will be running TCP over CLNP; which in turn implies that, for purposes of generating the TCP) W
0 -48085 M
54.1 0 32 (pseudoheader from the CLNP header, backward compatibility with existing systems is not an is\255) W
0 -49335 M
206.1 0 32 (sue. There are therefore several options available for how to generate the pseudoheader. The) W
0 -50585 M
111.4 0 32 (pseudoheader could be set to all zeros \(implying that the TCP header checksum would only be) W
0 -51835 M
120.1 0 32 (covering the TCP header\). Alternatively, the pseudoheader could be calculated from the CLNP) W
0 -53085 M
80.6 0 32 (header. For example, the "source address" in the TCP pseudoheader could be replaced with two) W
0 -54335 M
35.7 0 32 (bytes of zero plus a two byte checksum run on the source NSAP address length and address \(and) W
0 -55585 M
43.0 0 32 (similarly for the destination address\); the "protocol" could be replaced by the destination address) W
0 -56835 M
170.6 0 32 (selector value; and the "TCP Length" could be calculated from the CLNP packet in the same) W
0 -58085 M
58.8 0 32 (manner that it is currently calculated from the IP packet. The details of how the pseudoheader is) W
0 -59335 M
(composed is for further study.) h
0 -61842 M
4.7 0 32 (UDP is transmitted over CLNP in the same manner. In particular, the UDP packet is encapsulated) W
0 -63092 M
155.0 0 32 (directly inside a CLNP packet. Similarly, the same options are available for the UDP pseudo\255) W
0 -64342 M
(header as for the TCP pseudoheader.) h
-8502 6346 T

showpage
$P e

%%Page: 5 5
/$P a D
g N
0 79200 T
8642 -3084 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 $
/Helvetica & P
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(RFC 1347) h
12151 -900 M
(TUBA: A Proposal for Addressing and Routing            ) h
41435 -900 M
(June 1992) h
0 -2253 M
-8642 3084 T

8642 -73741 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
(Callon) h
26458 -900 M
42569 -900 M
([Page ) h
(5]) h
0 -2284 M
-8642 73741 T

8502 -6346 T
N
0 G
0 -1050 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Bold & P
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(5 ) h
1440 -1050 M
(Updates to the Domain Name Service) h
0 -3700 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Roman & P
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
78.4 0 32 (TUBA requires that a new DNS resource record entry type \("long\255address"\) be defined, to store) W
0 -4950 M
36.4 0 32 (longer Internet \(i.e., NSAP\) addresses. This resource record allows mapping from DNS names to) W
0 -6200 M
40.9 0 32 (NSAP addresses, and will contain entries for systems which are able to run Internet applications,) W
0 -7450 M
(over TCP or UDP, over CLNP.) h
0 -9700 M
104.5 0 32 (The presence of a "long\255address" resource record for mapping a particular DNS name to a par\255) W
0 -10950 M
29.4 0 32 (ticular NSAP address can be used to imply that the associated system is an updated Internet host.) W
0 -12200 M
6.4 0 32 (This specifically does ) W
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
6.4 0 32 (not) W
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
6.4 0 32 ( imply that the system is capable of running OSI protocols for any other) W
0 -13450 M
64.6 0 32 (purpose. Also, the NSAP address used for running Internet applications \(over TCP or UDP over) W
0 -14700 M
178.1 0 32 (CLNP\) does not need to have any relationship with other NSAP addresses which may be as\255) W
0 -15950 M
17.1 0 32 (signed to the same host. For example, a "dual stack" host may be able to run Internet applications) W
0 -17200 M
5.7 0 32 (over TCP over CLNP, and may also be able to run OSI applications over TP4 over CLNP. Such a) W
0 -18450 M
96.1 0 32 (host may have a single NSAP address assigned \(which is used for both purposes\), or may have) W
0 -19700 M
119.2 0 32 (separate NSAP addresses assigned for the two protocol stacks. The "long\255address" resource re\255) W
0 -20950 M
44.9 0 32 (cord, if present, may be assumed to contain the correct NSAP address for running Internet appli\255) W
0 -22200 M
87.8 0 32 (cations over CLNP, but may not be assumed to contain the correct NSAP address for any other) W
0 -23450 M
(purpose.) h
0 -25700 M
136.1 0 32 (The backward translation \(from NSAP address to DNS name\) is facilitated by definition of an) W
0 -26950 M
21.3 0 32 (associated resource record. This resource record is known as "long\255in\255addr.arpa", and is used in a) W
0 -28200 M
(manner analogous to the existing "in\255addr.arpa".) h
0 -30450 M
58.6 0 32 (Updated Internet hosts, when initiating communication with another host, need to know whether) W
0 -31700 M
68.7 0 32 (that host has been updated. The host will request the address\255class "internet address", entry\255type ) W
0 -32950 M
45.5 0 32 ("long\255address" from its local DNS server. If the local DNS server has not yet been updated, then) W
0 -34200 M
65.2 0 32 (the long address resource record will not be available, and an error response will be returned. In) W
0 -35450 M
115.9 0 32 (this case, the updated hosts must then ask for the regular Internet address. This allows updated) W
0 -36700 M
(hosts to be deployed in environments in which the DNS servers have not yet been updated.) h
0 -38950 M
88.6 0 32 (An updated DNS server, if asked for the long\255address corresponding to a particular DNS name,) W
0 -40200 M
133.6 0 32 (does a normal DNS search to obtain the information. If the long\255address corresponding to that) W
0 -41450 M
65.0 0 32 (name is not available, then the updated DNS server will return the resource record type contain\255) W
0 -42700 M
62.4 0 32 (ing the normal 32\255bit IP address \(if available\). This allows more efficient operation between up\255) W
0 -43950 M
(dated hosts and old hosts in an environment in which the DNS servers have been updated.) h
0 -46200 M
29.7 0 32 (Interactions between DNS servers can be done over either IP or CLNP, in a manner analogous to) W
0 -47450 M
17.2 0 32 (interactions between hosts. DNS servers currently maintain entries in their databases which allow) W
0 -48700 M
79.6 0 32 (them to find IP addresses of other DNS servers. These can be updated to include a combination) W
0 -49950 M
90.1 0 32 (of IP addresses and NSAP addresses of other servers. If an NSAP address is available, then the) W
0 -51200 M
222.7 0 32 (communication with the other DNS server can use CLNP, otherwise the interaction between) W
0 -52450 M
84.5 0 32 (DNS servers uses IP. Initially, it is likely that all communication between DNS servers will use) W
0 -53700 M
22.7 0 32 (IP \(as at present\). During the migration process, the DNS servers can be updated to communicate) W
0 -54950 M
(with each other using CLNP.) h
-8502 6346 T

showpage
$P e

%%Page: 6 6
/$P a D
g N
0 79200 T
8642 -3084 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 $
/Helvetica & P
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(RFC 1347) h
12151 -900 M
(TUBA: A Proposal for Addressing and Routing            ) h
41435 -900 M
(June 1992) h
0 -2253 M
-8642 3084 T

8642 -73741 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
(Callon) h
26458 -900 M
42569 -900 M
([Page ) h
(6]) h
0 -2284 M
-8642 73741 T

8502 -6346 T
N
0 G
0 -1050 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Bold & P
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(6 ) h
1440 -1050 M
(Other Technical Details) h
0 -4177 M
(6.1 ) h
2126 -4177 M
(When 32\255Bit IP Addresses Fail) h
0 -7154 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Roman & P
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
138.8 0 32 (Eventually, the IP address space will become inadequate for global routing and addressing. At) W
0 -8404 M
58.4 0 32 (this point, the remaining older \(not yet updated\) IP hosts will not be able to interoperate directly) W
0 -9654 M
21.3 0 32 (over the global Internet. This time can be postponed by careful allocation of IP addresses and use) W
0 -10904 M
66.2 0 32 (of "Classless Inter\255Domain Routing" \(CIDR [3]\), and if necessary by encapsulation \(either of IP) W
0 -12154 M
155.6 0 32 (in IP, or IP in CLNP\). In addition, the number of hosts affected by this can be minimized by     ) W
0 -13404 M
(aggressive deployment of updated software based on TUBA.) h
0 -15981 M
5.4 0 32 (When the IP address space becomes inadequate for global routing and addressing, for purposes of) W
0 -17231 M
18.1 0 32 (IP addressing the Internet will need to be split into "IP address domains". 32\255bit IP addresses will) W
0 -18481 M
108.3 0 32 (be meaningful only within an address domain, allowing the old IP hosts to continue to be used) W
0 -19731 M
74.0 0 32 (locally. For communications between domains, there are two possibilities: \(i\) The user at an old) W
0 -20981 M
76.8 0 32 (system can use application layer relays \(such as mail relays for 822 mail, or by Telnetting to an) W
0 -22231 M
125.6 0 32 (updated system in order to allow Telnet or FTP to a remote system in another domain\); or \(ii\)) W
0 -23481 M
(Network Address Translation can be used [4].) h
0 -26208 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(6.2 ) h
2126 -26208 M
(Applications which use IP Addresses Internally) h
0 -29185 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
85.8 0 32 (There are some application protocols \(such as FTP and NFS\) which pass around and use IP ad\255) W
0 -30435 M
0.6 0 32 (dresses internally. Migration to a larger address space \(whether based on CLNP or other protocol\)) W
0 -31685 M
81.5 0 32 (will require either that these applications be limited to local use \(within an "IP address domain") W
0 -32935 M
81.8 0 32 (in which 32\255bit IP addresses are meaningful\) or be updated to either: \(i\) Use larger network ad\255) W
0 -34185 M
23.4 0 32 (dresses instead of 32\255bit IP addresses; or \(ii\) Use some other globally\255significant identifiers, such) W
0 -35435 M
(as DNS names.) h
0 -38162 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(6.3 ) h
2126 -38162 M
(Updated Hosts in IP\255Only Environments) h
0 -41139 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
81.6 0 32 (There may be some updated Internet hosts which are deployed in networks that do not yet have) W
0 -42389 M
25.3 0 32 (CLNP service, or where CLNP service is available locally, but not to the global Internet. In these) W
0 -43639 M
25.8 0 32 (cases, it will be necessary for the updated Internet hosts to know to initially send all Internet traf\255) W
0 -44889 M
52.6 0 32 (fic \(or all non\255local traffic\) using IP, even when the remote system also has been updated. There) W
0 -46139 M
150.4 0 32 (are several ways that this can be accomplished, such as: \(i\) The host could contains a manual) W
0 -47389 M
109.9 0 32 (configuration parameter controlling whether to always use IP, or to use IP or CLNP depending) W
0 -48639 M
81.1 0 32 (upon remote address; \(ii\) The DNS resolver on the host could be "lied to" to believe that all re\255) W
0 -49889 M
100.5 0 32 (mote requests are supposed to go to some particular server, and that server could intervene and) W
0 -51139 M
(change all remote requests for long\255addresses into requests for normal IP addresses.) h
0 -53866 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(6.4 ) h
2126 -53866 M
(Local Network Address Translation) h
0 -56843 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
12.4 0 32 (Network Address Translation \(NAT [4]\) has been proposed as a means to allow global communi\255) W
0 -58093 M
83.8 0 32 (cation between hosts which use locally\255significant IP addresses. NAT requires that IP addresses) W
0 -59343 M
64.6 0 32 (be mapped at address domain boundaries, either to globally significant addresses, or to local ad\255) W
0 -60593 M
75.3 0 32 (dresses meaningful in the next address domain along the packet's path. It is possible to define a) W
0 -61843 M
5.7 0 32 (version of NAT which is "local" to an addressing domain, in the sense that \(locally significant\) IP) W
0 -63093 M
105.1 0 32 (packets are mapped to globally significant CLNP packets before exiting a domain, in a manner) W
0 -64343 M
(which is transparent to systems outside of the domain.) h
-8502 6346 T

showpage
$P e

%%Page: 7 7
/$P a D
g N
0 79200 T
8642 -3084 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 $
/Helvetica & P
/Helvetica-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(RFC 1347) h
12151 -900 M
(TUBA: A Proposal for Addressing and Routing            ) h
41435 -900 M
(June 1992) h
0 -2253 M
-8642 3084 T

8642 -73741 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
(Callon) h
26458 -900 M
42569 -900 M
([Page ) h
(7]) h
0 -2284 M
-8642 73741 T

8502 -6346 T
N
0 G
0 -900 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Roman & P
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
20.1 0 32 (NAT allows old systems to continue to be used globally without application gateways, at the cost) W
0 -2150 M
103.6 0 32 (of significant additional complexity and possibly performance costs \(associated with translation) W
0 -3400 M
24.3 0 32 (or encapsulation of network packets at IP address domain boundaries\). NAT does not address the) W
0 -4650 M
(problem of applications which pass around and use IP addresses internally. ) h
0 -6900 M
(The details of Network Address Translation is outside of the scope of this document. ) h
0 -9300 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 $
/Times-Bold & P
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(6.5 ) h
2126 -9300 M
(Streamlining Operation of CLNP) h
0 -11950 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
138.6 0 32 (CLNP contains a number of optional and/or variable length fields. For example, CLNP allows) W
0 -13200 M
67.9 0 32 (addresses to be any integral number of bytes up to 20 bytes in length. It is proposed to "profile") W
0 -14450 M
69.1 0 32 (CLNP in order to allow streamlining of router operation. For example, this might involve speci\255) W
0 -15700 M
107.9 0 32 (fying that all Internet hosts will use an NSAP address of precisely 20 bytes in length, and may) W
0 -16950 M
171.1 0 32 (specify which optional fields \(if any\) will be present in all CLNP packets. This can allow all) W
0 -18200 M
41.9 0 32 (CLNP packets transmitted by Internet hosts to use a constant header format, in order to speed up) W
0 -19450 M
(header parsing in routers. The details of the Internet CLNP profile is for further study.) h
0 -23450 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(7 ) h
1440 -23450 M
(References) h
0 -26100 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
([1]    "The IAB Routing and Addressing Task Force: Summary Report", work in progress.) h
0 -28350 M
([2) h
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(]     ) h
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
("Protocol for Providing the Connectionless\255Mode Network Service", ISO 8473, 1988.) h
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
( ) h
0 -30600 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
([3]    "Supernetting: An Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy", V.Fuller, T.Li, J.Yu, ) h
46080 -30600 M
651.0 0 32 ( ) W
0 -31850 M
(         and K.Varadhan,  March 1992.) h
0 -34100 M
([4]    "Extending the IP Internet Through Address Reuse", Paul Tsuchiya, December 1991.) h
0 -38100 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(8 ) h
1440 -38100 M
(Security Considerations) h
0 -40750 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(Security issues are not discussed in this memo.) h
0 -44750 M
/Times-Bold-ISOLatin1 F 1400 o f
(9 ) h
1440 -44750 M
(Author's Address) h
0 -47400 M
/Times-Roman-ISOLatin1 F 1200 o f
(Ross Callon) h
0 -48650 M
(Digital Equipment Corporation) h
0 -49900 M
(550 King Street, LKG 1\2552/A19) h
0 -51150 M
(Littleton, MA  01460\2551289) h
0 -53400 M
(Phone: 508\255486\2555009) h
0 -55650 M
(Email: [e-mail]) h
0 -57034 M
-8502 6346 T

showpage
$P e

%%Trailer
$D restore
end % DEC_WRITE_dict
%%Pages: 7
%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica
%%+ Times-Bold
%%+ Times-Roman