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this book can help you to get a better performance in the gps development

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  <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">In this section several land- and space-based positioning systems are briefly introduced and are summarized in Table 1.1. Instead of trying to cover all these positioning systems in detail, the text presents the Navstar GPS in sufficient depth that, after reading Chap. 5 and App. E, the reader should be thoroughly comfortable with its use. The objective in this section is to briefly introduce and compare different systems and to motivate the focus on GPS.</font></td>
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  <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">Table 1.1 summarizes several operating characteristics of commonly used radio-navigation positioning systems. The table presents civilian accuracies at the 95% (R95; see App. C) level based on data extracted from Refs. 101 and 127. Higher accuracies are possible</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2"><sup>**</sup></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3"> in some of the systems either by use of a military-grade receiver or by operation in a differential mode (see Sec. 5.8). These and additional positioning systems are described in detail in Refs. 101 and 127.</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3" color="#FFFF00"></font></td>
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<table cellspacing="0" width="672" cellpadding="4"><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">TABLE 1.1 Positioning System Characteristics</font></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">System</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Center frequency</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Implementation</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Accuracy<sup>**</sup></font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Range</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">LORAN C/D</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">100 kHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Ground based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">460 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">2900 km</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Omega</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1013 kHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Ground based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">3.77.4 km</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">88%98% global</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">VOR/DME</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">108118 MHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Ground based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1.4掳, 185-m range</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">370 km at 6.1-km altitude</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Decca</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">7090 kHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Ground based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">2050 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">224 km</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">110130 kHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">MLS</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1,5 GHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Ground based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">510 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">27.456.3 km</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Transit</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">150,400 MHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Space based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">500 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Global</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Navstar GPS</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1575.42,1227.6 MHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Space based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">100 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Global</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Glonass</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1602.561615.5 MHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Space based</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">100 m</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Global</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">1246.441256.5 MHz</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2"><sup>** </sup>Position accuracy. Except for VOR/DME, which lists range and azimuth accuracy.</font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="24" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td>
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  <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2"><sup>** </sup>The GPS accuracy stated in Table 1.1 accounts for the effects of selective availability, which is an artificial error source added by the U.S. government (see Chap. 5). The accuracy will improve substantially if selective availability errors are removed. Current policy suggests that this error will be removed by 2002.</font></td>
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