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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>page_186</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="reset.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> </head> <body> <table summary="top nav" border="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td align="left" width="30%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><a style="color: blue; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana;" href="page_185.html">< previous page</a></td> <td id="ebook_previous" align="center" width="40%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><strong style="color: #2F4F4F; font-size: 120%;">page_186</strong></td> <td align="right" width="30%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><a style="color: blue; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana;" href="page_187.html">next page ></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="ebook_page" align="left" colspan="3" style="background: #ffffff; padding: 20px;"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="left"></td> <td align="right"></td> </tr></table></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><p></p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2" color="#FF0000">Page 186</font></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%"><tr><td height="12"></td></tr><tr><td><table cellspacing="0" width="427" cellpadding="4"><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">TABLE 5.9 Range Accuracies for Alternative GPS Operating Examples</font></td></tr><tr><td valign="bottom"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">GPS processing mode</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Typical multipath range error STD (m)</font></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Minimum multipath range error STD (m)</font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Standard GPS with SA on</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">25.46</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">25.26</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Standard GPS with SA off</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">8.51</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">7.90</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Differential C/A Code</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">3.16</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">0.14</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">Differential L1 phase</font></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">0.10</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="1"></td> <td rowspan="5"><img src="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" border="0" width="4" height="1" alt="f7703d30723feae8ee39d997c6419c20.gif" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td align="right"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="2">0.01</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">in Table 5.5, which are from Ref. 119. The typical multipath column uses the maximum values for multipath and receiver noise errors from Table 5.5. The minimum multipath column uses the minimum values for multipath and receiver noise errors from Table 5.5. This column would correspond to a good receiver, with special precautions taken to reduce multipath effects. For the carrier-phase row, the receiver noise is assumed to have a standard deviation of 1 mm and the phase multipath used values of 0.1 and 0.01 m.</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">The second row of the table (SA off) is included as the U.S. government policy currently states that SA will be turned off, although an exact date has not yet been set.</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">The presentation of this chapter has not included Kalman filtering, but has presented and compared various GPS processing techniques in a unified format. Based on the understanding of GPS techniques that have been developed in this chapter, the examples and case studies presented in Chap. 7 (1) utilize filtering to further reduce the effect of some of the measurement errors on the state (e.g., position) estimates, (2) introduce more advanced GPS techniques possible by means of Kalman filtering, or (3) use GPS techniques for INS error estimation and calibration.</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="17"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">5.11<br />Further GPS Reading</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">This chapter has focused on various GPS techniques that will be useful either as stand-alone positioning or INS aiding systems. Many additional applications of these same GPS techniques are discussed in Refs. 68 and 101. References 83, 85, and 86 focus on GIS and surveying.</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">GPS receiver manufacturers and receiver performance specifications are reviewed annually in <i>GPS World</i>, which also lists receiver manufacturers.</font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3" height="12"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td> <td><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3">This chapter has also limited its discussion of GPS error modeling to the extent necessary to understand the nature of the error and the extent to which the error can be reduced. For an in-depth discussion of atmospheric error causes and modeling, interested readers should refer to Ref. 67. For an in-depth discussion of multipath and its effect on receiver observables, readers should refer to Ref. 81. The latter reference also has an in-depth presentation of receiver design and operation. The history of the GPS system as well as detailed discussions on many GPS related topics and applications can be found in Refs. 55, 122, and 151.</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, Serif" size="3" color="#FFFF00"></font></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p><font size="0"></font></p>聽 </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" width="30%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><a style="color: blue; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana;" href="page_185.html">< previous page</a></td> <td id="ebook_next" align="center" width="40%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><strong style="color: #2F4F4F; font-size: 120%;">page_186</strong></td> <td align="right" width="30%" style="background: #EEF3E2"><a style="color: blue; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana;" href="page_187.html">next page ></a></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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