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                    implement each container class were fixed and (usually)
                    hidden from the programmer. This provides a simple,
                    effective model for most container applications.
                    Version 3.0 therefore offers an enhanced, code-
                    compatible version of the previous Object-based
                    container library. We call this the Object container
                    class library. In addition, a more flexible (but more
                    complex), template-based container library, called BIDS
                    (Borland International Data Structures), is supplied
                    with version 3.0. Through the power of templates, BIDS
                    lets you vary the underpinning data structure for a
                    container and lets you store arbitrary objects in a
                    container. With the appropriate template parameters,
                    BIDS can actually emulate the Object container library.

                    Before we review the differences between the Object and
                    BIDS models, we'll list the changes to the Object
                    container library since version 1.0:

                    o New Btree and PriorityQueue classes.
                    o New TShouldDelete class gives the programmer control
                      over container/element ownership. You can control the
                      fate of objects when they are detached from a
                      container and when the container is flushed (using
                      the new flush method) or destroyed.
                    o New memory management classes, MemBlocks and
                      MemStack, for efficient memory block and memory stack
                      (mark-and-release) allocations.
                    o New PRECONDITION and CHECK macros provide sophisti-
                      cated assert mechanisms to speed application develop-
                      ment and debugging.
                    o New Timer class gives you a stopwatch for timing
                      program execution.

   When you choose  Existing Turbo C++ version 1.01 container class code
   Container Class  will still run with the version 3.0 libraries. The new
    Library in the  Object container class libraries, in directory
    IDE's Options|  \CLASSLIB, are distinguished by the prefix TC:
  Linker|Libraries  TCLASSx.LIB and TCLASDBx.LIB where x specifies the
   dialog box, the  memory model, and DB indicates the special debug
      Object-based  version. To reduce verbiage, we will often refer to
 libraries will be  this container implementation as the Object or TC
     automatically  version.
        linked in.






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        To use the  The corresponding libraries for the new template-based
    template-based  container classes are distinguished by the prefix BIDS:
    libraries, you  BIDSx.LIB and BIDSDBx.LIB. Let's review the reasons for
   must explicitly  having two sets of container libraries. The use of all
           add the  these libraries is covered on page 31.
       appropriate
     BIDS[DB]x.LIB
   library to your
        project or
         makefile.



===========================================================================
Why two sets of libraries?
===========================================================================

                    The Object container classes have been retained and
                    enhanced to provide code compatibility with the version
                    1.0 library. They provide a gentler learning curve than
                    the template-based BIDS library. The Object container
                    code offers faster compilation but slightly slower
                    execution than the template version. The project files
                    for the example and demo programs are set up to use the
                    Object version of the container libraries.

                    BIDS exploits the new exciting templates feature of C++
                    2.1. It offers you considerable flexibility in choosing
                    the best underlying data structure for a given
                    container application. With the Object version, each
                    container is implemented with a fixed data structure,
                    chosen to meet the space/speed requirements of most
                    container applications. For example, a Bag object is
                    implemented with a hash table, and a Deque object with
                    a double list. With BIDS you can fine-tune your
                    application by varying the container implementation
                    with the minimum recoding--often a single typedef will
                    suffice. You can switch easily from StackAsList to
                    StackAsVector and test the results. In fact, you'll see
                    that by setting appropriate values for <T>, a generic
                    class parameter, you can implement the Object model
                    exactly. With BIDS, you can even choose between
                    polymorphic and non-polymorphic implementations of the
                    Object container model. Such choices between execution
                    speed (non-polymorphic) and future flexibility
                    (polymorphic) can be tested without major recoding.





                                   - 3 -






     Existing code  Both the Object and BIDS versions provide the same
      based on the  functional interface. For example, the push and pop
  Object container  member functions work the same for all Stack objects.
      classes will  This makes the new template-based libraries highly
   compile and run  compatible with existing code written for the Object
   perfectly using  library.
      the new BIDS
  classes, just by  The objects stored in Object library containers must be
    linking in the  derived from the class Object. To store ints, say, you
       appropriate  would have to derive an Integer class from Object
          library.  (you'll see how later). With BIDS you have complete
                    freedom and direct control over the types of objects
                    stored in a container. The stored data type is simply a
                    value passed as a template parameter. For instance,
                    BI_ListImp<int> gives you a list of ints.

                    Regardless of which container class model you elect to
                    use, you should be familiar with container terminology,
                    the Object class hierarchy, and the functionality
                    provided for each container type. Although the classes
                    in the BIDS library have different naming conventions
                    and special template parameters, the prototypes and
                    functionality of each class member are the same as
                    those in the Object library.



===========================================================================
Container basics
===========================================================================

  If you are fully  We start by describing the Object container class
     versed in the  hierarchy as enhanced for Turbo C++ version 3.0. This
     Turbo C++ 1.0  hierarchy offers a high degree of modularity through
    version of the  inheritance and polymorphism. You can use these classes
container library,  as they are, or you can extend and expand them to pro-
  you should first  duce an object-oriented software package specific to
     check out the  your needs.
    Object library
      enhancements  At the top of the class hierarchy is the Object class
  before moving to  (see Figure 1), an abstract class that cannot be
     the templates  instantiated (no objects of its type can be declared).
   section on page  An abstract class serves as an umbrella for related
               14.  classes. As such, it has few if any data members, and
                    some or all of its member functions are pure virtual
                    functions. Pure virtual functions serve as placeholders
                    for functions of the same name and signature intended




                                   - 4 -






                    to be defined eventually in derived classes. In fact,
                    any class with at least one pure virtual function is,
                    by definition, an abstract class.

Figure 1: Class hierarchies in CLASSLIB

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