perlwin32.pod

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=head1 NAME

perlwin32 - Perl under Win32

=head1 SYNOPSIS

These are instructions for building Perl under Windows NT (versions
3.51 or 4.0).  Currently, this port is reported to build
under Windows95 using the 4DOS shell--the default shell that infests
Windows95 will not work (see below).  Note this caveat is only about
B<building> perl.  Once built, you should be able to B<use> it on
either Win32 platform (modulo the problems arising from the inferior
command shell).

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Before you start, you should glance through the README file
found in the top-level directory where the Perl distribution
was extracted.  Make sure you read and understand the terms under
which this software is being distributed.

Also make sure you read L<BUGS AND CAVEATS> below for the
known limitations of this port.

The INSTALL file in the perl top-level has much information that is
only relevant to people building Perl on Unix-like systems.  In
particular, you can safely ignore any information that talks about
"Configure".

You may also want to look at two other options for building
a perl that will work on Windows NT:  the README.cygwin32 and
README.os2 files, which each give a different set of rules to build
a Perl that will work on Win32 platforms.  Those two methods will
probably enable you to build a more Unix-compatible perl, but you
will also need to download and use various other build-time and
run-time support software described in those files.

This set of instructions is meant to describe a so-called "native"
port of Perl to Win32 platforms.  The resulting Perl requires no
additional software to run (other than what came with your operating
system).  Currently, this port is capable of using one of the
following compilers:

      Borland C++		version 5.02 or later
      Microsoft Visual C++	version 4.2 or later
      Mingw32 with EGCS		version 1.0.2
      Mingw32 with GCC		version 2.8.1

The last two of these are high quality freeware compilers.  Support
for them is still experimental.

This port currently supports MakeMaker (the set of modules that
is used to build extensions to perl).  Therefore, you should be
able to build and install most extensions found in the CPAN sites.
See L<Usage Hints> below for general hints about this.

=head2 Setting Up

=over 4

=item Command Shell

Use the default "cmd" shell that comes with NT.  Some versions of the
popular 4DOS/NT shell have incompatibilities that may cause you trouble.
If the build fails under that shell, try building again with the cmd
shell.  The Makefile also has known incompatibilites with the "command.com"
shell that comes with Windows95, so building under Windows95 should
be considered "unsupported".  However, there have been reports of successful
build attempts using 4DOS/NT version 6.01 under Windows95, using dmake, but
your mileage may vary.

The surest way to build it is on WindowsNT, using the cmd shell.

=item Borland C++

If you are using the Borland compiler, you will need dmake, a freely
available make that has very nice macro features and parallelability.
(The make that Borland supplies is seriously crippled, and will not
work for MakeMaker builds.)

A port of dmake for win32 platforms is available from:

    http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gsar/dmake-4.1-win32.zip

Fetch and install dmake somewhere on your path (follow the instructions
in the README.NOW file).

=item Microsoft Visual C++

The NMAKE that comes with Visual C++ will suffice for building.
You will need to run the VCVARS32.BAT file usually found somewhere
like C:\MSDEV4.2\BIN.  This will set your build environment.

You can also use dmake to build using Visual C++, provided:
you set OSRELEASE to "microsft" (or whatever the directory name
under which the Visual C dmake configuration lives) in your environment,
and edit win32/config.vc to change "make=nmake" into "make=dmake".  The
latter step is only essential if you want to use dmake as your default
make for building extensions using MakeMaker.

=item Mingw32 with EGCS or GCC

ECGS-1.0.2 binaries can be downloaded from:

    ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/

GCC-2.8.1 binaries are available from:

    http://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/~janjaap/mingw32/

You only need either one of those, not both.  Both bundles come with
Mingw32 libraries and headers.  While both of them work to build perl,
the EGCS binaries are currently favored by the maintainers, since they
come with more up-to-date Mingw32 libraries.

Make sure you install the binaries as indicated in the web sites
above.  You will need to set up a few environment variables (usually
run from a batch file).

=back

=head2 Building

=over 4

=item *

Make sure you are in the "win32" subdirectory under the perl toplevel.
This directory contains a "Makefile" that will work with
versions of NMAKE that come with Visual C++, and a dmake "makefile.mk"
that will work for all supported compilers.  The defaults in the dmake
makefile are setup to build using the Borland compiler.

=item *

Edit the makefile.mk (or Makefile, if using nmake) and change the values
of INST_DRV and INST_TOP.   You can also enable various build
flags.

Beginning with version 5.005, there is experimental support for building
a perl interpreter that supports the Perl Object abstraction (courtesy
ActiveState Tool Corp.)  PERL_OBJECT uses C++, and the binaries are
therefore incompatible with the regular C build.  However, the
PERL_OBJECT build does provide something called the C-API, for linking
it with extensions that won't compile under PERL_OBJECT.  PERL_OBJECT
is not yet supported under GCC or EGCS.  WARNING:  Binaries built with
PERL_OBJECT enabled are B<not> compatible with binaries built without.
Perl installs PERL_OBJECT binaries under a distinct architecture name,
so they B<can> coexist, though.

Beginning with version 5.005, there is experimental support for building
a perl interpreter that is capable of native threading.  Binaries built
with thread support enabled are also incompatible with the vanilla C
build.  WARNING:  Binaries built with threads enabled are B<not> compatible
with binaries built without.  Perl installs threads enabled binaries under
a distinct architecture name, so they B<can> coexist, though.

At the present time, you cannot enable both threading and PERL_OBJECT.
You can get only one of them in a Perl interpreter.

If you have either the source or a library that contains des_fcrypt(),
enable the appropriate option in the makefile.  des_fcrypt() is not
bundled with the distribution due to US Government restrictions
on the export of cryptographic software.  Nevertheless, this routine
is part of the "libdes" library (written by Ed Young) which is widely
available worldwide, usually along with SSLeay (for example:
"ftp://fractal.mta.ca/pub/crypto/SSLeay/DES/").  Set CRYPT_SRC to the
name of the file that implements des_fcrypt().  Alternatively, if
you have built a library that contains des_fcrypt(), you can set
CRYPT_LIB to point to the library name.  The location above contains
many versions of the "libdes" library, all with slightly different
implementations of des_fcrypt().  Older versions have a single,
self-contained file (fcrypt.c) that implements crypt(), so they may be
easier to use.  A patch against the fcrypt.c found in libdes-3.06 is
in des_fcrypt.patch.

Perl will also build without des_fcrypt(), but the crypt() builtin will
fail at run time.

You will also have to make sure CCHOME points to wherever you installed
your compiler.

Other options are explained in the makefiles.  Be sure to read the
instructions carefully.

=item *

Type "dmake" (or "nmake" if you are using that make).

This should build everything.  Specifically, it will create perl.exe,
perl.dll (or perlcore.dll), and perlglob.exe at the perl toplevel, and
various other extension dll's under the lib\auto directory.  If the build
fails for any reason, make sure you have done the previous steps correctly.

The build process may produce "harmless" compiler warnings (more or
less copiously, depending on how picky your compiler gets).  The
maintainers are aware of these warnings, thankyouverymuch. :)

When building using Visual C++, a perl95.exe will also get built.  This
executable is only needed on Windows95, and should be used instead of
perl.exe, and then only if you want sockets to work properly on Windows95.
This is necessitated by a bug in the Microsoft C Runtime that cannot be
worked around in the "normal" perl.exe.  perl95.exe gets built with its
own private copy of the C Runtime that is not accessible to extensions
(which see the DLL version of the CRT).  Be aware, therefore, that this
perl95.exe will have esoteric problems with extensions like perl/Tk that
themselves use the C Runtime heavily, or want to free() pointers
malloc()-ed by perl.

You can avoid the perl95.exe problems completely if you use Borland
C++ for building perl (perl95.exe is not needed and will not be built
in that case).

=back

=head2 Testing

Type "dmake test" (or "nmake test").  This will run most of the tests from
the testsuite (many tests will be skipped, and but no test should fail).

If some tests do fail, it may be because you are using a different command
shell than the native "cmd.exe".

If you used the Borland compiler, you may see a failure in op/taint.t
arising from the inability to find the Borland Runtime DLLs on the system
default path.  You will need to copy the DLLs reported by the messages
from where Borland chose to install it, into the Windows system directory
(usually somewhere like C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32), and rerun the test.

The Visual C runtime apparently has a bug that causes posix.t to fail
one it test#2.  This usually happens only if you extracted the files in
text mode.

Please report any other failures as described under L<BUGS AND CAVEATS>.

=head2 Installation

Type "dmake install" (or "nmake install").  This will put the newly
built perl and the libraries under whatever C<INST_TOP> points to in the
Makefile.  It will also install the pod documentation under
C<$INST_TOP\$VERSION\lib\pod> and HTML versions of the same under
C<$INST_TOP\$VERSION\lib\pod\html>.  To use the Perl you just installed,
you will need to add two components to your PATH environment variable,
C<$INST_TOP\$VERSION\bin>, and C<$INST_TOP\$VERSION\bin\$ARCHNAME>.
For example:

    set PATH c:\perl\5.005\bin;c:\perl\5.005\bin\MSWin32-x6;%PATH%


=head2 Usage Hints

=over 4

=item Environment Variables

The installation paths that you set during the build get compiled
into perl, so you don't have to do anything additional to start
using that perl (except add its location to your PATH variable).

If you put extensions in unusual places, you can set PERL5LIB
to a list of paths separated by semicolons where you want perl
to look for libraries.  Look for descriptions of other environment
variables you can set in L<perlrun>.

You can also control the shell that perl uses to run system() and
backtick commands via PERL5SHELL.  See L<perlrun>.

Currently, Perl does not depend on the registry, but can look up
values if you choose to put them there.  [XXX add registry locations
that perl looks at here.]

=item File Globbing

By default, perl spawns an external program to do file globbing.
The install process installs both a perlglob.exe and a perlglob.bat
that perl can use for this purpose.  Note that with the default
installation, perlglob.exe will be found by the system before
perlglob.bat.

perlglob.exe relies on the argv expansion done by the C Runtime of
the particular compiler you used, and therefore behaves very
differently depending on the Runtime used to build it.  To preserve
compatiblity, perlglob.bat (a perl script that can be used portably)
is installed.  Besides being portable, perlglob.bat also offers
enhanced globbing functionality.

If you want perl to use perlglob.bat instead of perlglob.exe, just
delete perlglob.exe from the install location (or move it somewhere
perl cannot find).  Using File::DosGlob.pm (which implements the core
functionality of perlglob.bat) to override the internal CORE::glob()
works about 10 times faster than spawing perlglob.exe, and you should
take this approach when writing new modules.  See File::DosGlob for
details.

=item Using perl from the command line

If you are accustomed to using perl from various command-line
shells found in UNIX environments, you will be less than pleased
with what Windows NT offers by way of a command shell.

The crucial thing to understand about the "cmd" shell (which is
the default on Windows NT) is that it does not do any wildcard
expansions of command-line arguments (so wildcards need not be
quoted).  It also provides only rudimentary quoting.  The only
(useful) quote character is the double quote (").  It can be used to
protect spaces in arguments and other special characters.  The
Windows NT documentation has almost no description of how the
quoting rules are implemented, but here are some general observations
based on experiments:  The shell breaks arguments at spaces and
passes them to programs in argc/argv.  Doublequotes can be used
to prevent arguments with spaces in them from being split up.
You can put a double quote in an argument by escaping it with
a backslash and enclosing the whole argument within double quotes.
The backslash and the pair of double quotes surrounding the
argument will be stripped by the shell.

The file redirection characters "<", ">", and "|" cannot be quoted
by double quotes (there are probably more such).  Single quotes
will protect those three file redirection characters, but the
single quotes don't get stripped by the shell (just to make this
type of quoting completely useless).  The caret "^" has also
been observed to behave as a quoting character (and doesn't get
stripped by the shell also).

Here are some examples of usage of the "cmd" shell:

This prints two doublequotes:

    perl -e "print '\"\"' "

This does the same:

    perl -e "print \"\\\"\\\"\" "

This prints "bar" and writes "foo" to the file "blurch":

    perl -e "print 'foo'; print STDERR 'bar'" > blurch

This prints "foo" ("bar" disappears into nowhereland):

    perl -e "print 'foo'; print STDERR 'bar'" 2> nul

This prints "bar" and writes "foo" into the file "blurch":

    perl -e "print 'foo'; print STDERR 'bar'" 1> blurch