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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>History Commands</TITLE><METANAME="GENERATOR"CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.76b+"><LINKREL="HOME"TITLE="Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide"HREF="index.html"><LINKREL="PREVIOUS"TITLE="Localization"HREF="localization.html"><LINKREL="NEXT"TITLE="A Sample .bashrc File"HREF="sample-bashrc.html"><METAHTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type"CONTENT="text/css"><LINKREL="stylesheet"HREF="common/kde-common.css"TYPE="text/css"><METAHTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type"CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><METAHTTP-EQUIV="Content-Language"CONTENT="en"><LINKREL="stylesheet"HREF="common/kde-localised.css"TYPE="text/css"TITLE="KDE-English"><LINKREL="stylesheet"HREF="common/kde-default.css"TYPE="text/css"TITLE="KDE-Default"></HEAD><BODYCLASS="APPENDIX"BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"LINK="#AA0000"VLINK="#AA0055"ALINK="#AA0000"STYLE="font-family: sans-serif;"><DIVCLASS="NAVHEADER"><TABLESUMMARY="Header navigation table"WIDTH="100%"BORDER="0"CELLPADDING="0"CELLSPACING="0"><TR><THCOLSPAN="3"ALIGN="center">Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting</TH></TR><TR><TDWIDTH="10%"ALIGN="left"VALIGN="bottom"><AHREF="localization.html"ACCESSKEY="P">Prev</A></TD><TDWIDTH="80%"ALIGN="center"VALIGN="bottom"></TD><TDWIDTH="10%"ALIGN="right"VALIGN="bottom"><AHREF="sample-bashrc.html"ACCESSKEY="N">Next</A></TD></TR></TABLE><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="100%"></DIV><DIVCLASS="APPENDIX"><H1><ANAME="HISTCOMMANDS"></A>Appendix J. History Commands</H1><P>The Bash shell provides command-line tools for editing and       manipulating a user's <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">command history</I>. This       is primarily a convenience, a means of saving keystrokes.</P><P>Bash history commands:       <OLTYPE="1"><LI><P><BCLASS="COMMAND">history</B></P></LI><LI><P><BCLASS="COMMAND">fc</B></P></LI></OL>     </P><P>	      <TABLEBORDER="0"BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD><PRECLASS="SCREEN"> <TTCLASS="PROMPT">bash$ </TT><TTCLASS="USERINPUT"><B>history</B></TT> <TTCLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT">   1  mount /mnt/cdrom    2  cd /mnt/cdrom    3  ls     ...</TT> 	      </PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>	    </P><P>Internal variables associated with Bash history commands:       <OLTYPE="1"><LI><P>$HISTCMD</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTCONTROL</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTIGNORE</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTFILE</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTFILESIZE</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTSIZE</P></LI><LI><P>$HISTTIMEFORMAT (Bash, ver. 3.0 or later)</P></LI><LI><P>!!</P></LI><LI><P>!$</P></LI><LI><P>!#</P></LI><LI><P>!N</P></LI><LI><P>!-N</P></LI><LI><P>!STRING</P></LI><LI><P>!?STRING?</P></LI><LI><P>^STRING^string^</P></LI></OL>     </P><P>Unfortunately, the Bash history tools find no use in scripting.         <TABLEBORDER="0"BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD><PRECLASS="PROGRAMLISTING">   1&nbsp;#!/bin/bash   2&nbsp;# history.sh   3&nbsp;# Attempt to use 'history' command in a script.   4&nbsp;   5&nbsp;history                      # No output.   6&nbsp;   7&nbsp;var=$(history); echo "$var"  # $var is empty.   8&nbsp;   9&nbsp;# History commands do not work within a script.</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>     </P><P>	      <TABLEBORDER="0"BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD><PRECLASS="SCREEN"> <TTCLASS="PROMPT">bash$ </TT><TTCLASS="USERINPUT"><B>./history.sh</B></TT> <TTCLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT">(no output)</TT>	       	      </PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>	  </P><P>The <AHREF="http://www.deadman.org/bash.html"TARGET="_top">Advancing in the       Bash Shell</A> site gives a good introduction to the use of       history commands in Bash.</P></DIV><DIVCLASS="NAVFOOTER"><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="100%"><TABLESUMMARY="Footer navigation table"WIDTH="100%"BORDER="0"CELLPADDING="0"CELLSPACING="0"><TR><TDWIDTH="33%"ALIGN="left"VALIGN="top"><AHREF="localization.html"ACCESSKEY="P">Prev</A></TD><TDWIDTH="34%"ALIGN="center"VALIGN="top"><AHREF="index.html"ACCESSKEY="H">Home</A></TD><TDWIDTH="33%"ALIGN="right"VALIGN="top"><AHREF="sample-bashrc.html"ACCESSKEY="N">Next</A></TD></TR><TR><TDWIDTH="33%"ALIGN="left"VALIGN="top">Localization</TD><TDWIDTH="34%"ALIGN="center"VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD><TDWIDTH="33%"ALIGN="right"VALIGN="top">A Sample <TTCLASS="FILENAME">.bashrc</TT> File</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV></BODY></HTML>
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