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<html lang="en"><head><title>Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"><meta name="description" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)"><meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.6"><!--Copyright &copy; 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentunder the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 orany later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with theInvariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "FundingFree Software", the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and withthe Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below).  A copy of the license isincluded in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".   <p>(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:   <p>A GNU Manual   <p>(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:   <p>You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU     software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise     funds for GNU development.--><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"><style type="text/css"><!--  pre.display { font-family:inherit }  pre.format  { font-family:inherit }  pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }  pre.smallformat  { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }  pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }  pre.smalllisp    { font-size:smaller }--></style></head><body><div class="node"><p>Node:&nbsp;<a name="Inline">Inline</a>,Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Extended-Asm.html#Extended%20Asm">Extended Asm</a>,Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Alignment.html#Alignment">Alignment</a>,Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="C-Extensions.html#C%20Extensions">C Extensions</a><hr><br></div><h3 class="section">An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro</h3><p>By declaring a function <code>inline</code>, you can direct GCC tointegrate that function's code into the code for its callers.  Thismakes execution faster by eliminating the function-call overhead; inaddition, if any of the actual argument values are constant, their knownvalues may permit simplifications at compile time so that not all of theinline function's code needs to be included.  The effect on code size isless predictable; object code may be larger or smaller with functioninlining, depending on the particular case.  Inlining of functions is anoptimization and it really "works" only in optimizing compilation.  Ifyou don't use <code>-O</code>, no function is really inline.   <p>Inline functions are included in the ISO C99 standard, but there arecurrently substantial differences between what GCC implements and whatthe ISO C99 standard requires.   <p>To declare a function inline, use the <code>inline</code> keyword in itsdeclaration, like this:<pre class="smallexample">     inline int     inc (int *a)     {       (*a)++;     }     </pre>   <p>(If you are writing a header file to be included in ISO C programs, write<code>__inline__</code> instead of <code>inline</code>.  See <a href="Alternate-Keywords.html#Alternate%20Keywords">Alternate Keywords</a>.) You can also make all "simple enough" functions inline with the option<code>-finline-functions</code>.   <p>Note that certain usages in a function definition can make it unsuitablefor inline substitution.  Among these usages are: use of varargs, use ofalloca, use of variable sized data types (see <a href="Variable-Length.html#Variable%20Length">Variable Length</a>),use of computed goto (see <a href="Labels-as-Values.html#Labels%20as%20Values">Labels as Values</a>), use of nonlocal goto,and nested functions (see <a href="Nested-Functions.html#Nested%20Functions">Nested Functions</a>).  Using <code>-Winline</code>will warn when a function marked <code>inline</code> could not be substituted,and will give the reason for the failure.   <p>Note that in C and Objective-C, unlike C++, the <code>inline</code> keyworddoes not affect the linkage of the function.   <p>GCC automatically inlines member functions defined within the classbody of C++ programs even if they are not explicitly declared<code>inline</code>.  (You can override this with <code>-fno-default-inline</code>;see <a href="C---Dialect-Options.html#C++%20Dialect%20Options">Options Controlling C++ Dialect</a>.)   <p>When a function is both inline and <code>static</code>, if all calls to thefunction are integrated into the caller, and the function's address isnever used, then the function's own assembler code is never referenced. In this case, GCC does not actually output assembler code for thefunction, unless you specify the option <code>-fkeep-inline-functions</code>. Some calls cannot be integrated for various reasons (in particular,calls that precede the function's definition cannot be integrated, andneither can recursive calls within the definition).  If there is anonintegrated call, then the function is compiled to assembler code asusual.  The function must also be compiled as usual if the programrefers to its address, because that can't be inlined.   <p>When an inline function is not <code>static</code>, then the compiler must assumethat there may be calls from other source files; since a global symbol canbe defined only once in any program, the function must not be defined inthe other source files, so the calls therein cannot be integrated. Therefore, a non-<code>static</code> inline function is always compiled on itsown in the usual fashion.   <p>If you specify both <code>inline</code> and <code>extern</code> in the functiondefinition, then the definition is used only for inlining.  In no caseis the function compiled on its own, not even if you refer to itsaddress explicitly.  Such an address becomes an external reference, asif you had only declared the function, and had not defined it.   <p>This combination of <code>inline</code> and <code>extern</code> has almost theeffect of a macro.  The way to use it is to put a function definition ina header file with these keywords, and put another copy of thedefinition (lacking <code>inline</code> and <code>extern</code>) in a library file. The definition in the header file will cause most calls to the functionto be inlined.  If any uses of the function remain, they will refer tothe single copy in the library.   <p>Since GCC eventually will implement ISO C99 semantics forinline functions, it is best to use <code>static inline</code> onlyto guarantee compatibility.  (Theexisting semantics will remain available when <code>-std=gnu89</code> isspecified, but eventually the default will be <code>-std=gnu99</code> andthat will implement the C99 semantics, though it does not do so yet.)   <p>GCC does not inline any functions when not optimizing unless you specifythe <code>always_inline</code> attribute for the function, like this:<pre class="smallexample">     /* Prototype.  */     inline void foo (const char) __attribute__((always_inline));     </pre>   </body></html>
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