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output is off, output is like that of <SAMP>`ar -t <VAR>archive</VAR>
<VAR>module</VAR>...'</SAMP>.  When verbose output is on, the listing is like
<SAMP>`ar -tv <VAR>archive</VAR> <VAR>module</VAR>...'</SAMP>.

Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
specify <VAR>outputfile</VAR> as a final argument, <CODE>ar</CODE> directs the
output to that file.

<DT><CODE>END</CODE>
<DD>
Exit from <CODE>ar</CODE>, with a <CODE>0</CODE> exit code to indicate successful
completion.  This command does not save the output file; if you have
changed the current archive since the last <CODE>SAVE</CODE> command, those
changes are lost.

<DT><CODE>EXTRACT <VAR>module</VAR>, <VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Extract each named <VAR>module</VAR> from the current archive, writing them
into the current directory as separate files.  Equivalent to <SAMP>`ar -x
<VAR>archive</VAR> <VAR>module</VAR>...'</SAMP>.

Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.

<DT><CODE>LIST</CODE>
<DD>
Display full contents of the current archive, in "verbose" style
regardless of the state of <CODE>VERBOSE</CODE>.  The effect is like <SAMP>`ar
tv <VAR>archive</VAR>'</SAMP>).  (This single command is a GNU <CODE>ld</CODE>
enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)

Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.

<DT><CODE>OPEN <VAR>archive</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for
many other commands).  Any changes as the result of subsequent commands
will not actually affect <VAR>archive</VAR> until you next use <CODE>SAVE</CODE>.

<DT><CODE>REPLACE <VAR>module</VAR>, <VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
In the current archive, replace each existing <VAR>module</VAR> (named in
the <CODE>REPLACE</CODE> arguments) from files in the current working directory.
To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in
the current archive, must exist. 

Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.

<DT><CODE>VERBOSE</CODE>
<DD>
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from <CODE>DIRECTORY</CODE>.
When the flag is on, <CODE>DIRECTORY</CODE> output matches output from
<SAMP>`ar -tv '</SAMP>....

<DT><CODE>SAVE</CODE>
<DD>
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a
file with the name specified in the last <CODE>CREATE</CODE> or <CODE>OPEN</CODE>
command. 

Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.

</DL>

<P>
The GNU linker <CODE>ld</CODE> is now described in a separate manual.
See section `Overview' in <CITE>Using LD: the GNU linker</CITE>.


<H1><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="binutils_toc.html#TOC4">nm</A></H1>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX27"></A>
<A NAME="IDX28"></A>

</P>

<PRE>
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ]  [ -g | --extern-only ]
   [ -B ]  [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
   [ -s | --print-armap ]  [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
   [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ]  [ -p | --no-sort ]
   [ -r | --reverse-sort ]  [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
   [ -t <VAR>radix</VAR> | --radix=<VAR>radix</VAR> ] [ -P | --portability ]
   [ --target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR> ] [ -f <VAR>format</VAR> | --format=<VAR>format</VAR> ]
   [ --defined-only ]
   [ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ]  [ --help ]
   [ <VAR>objfile</VAR>... ]
</PRE>

<P>
GNU <CODE>nm</CODE> lists the symbols from object files <VAR>objfile</VAR>....
If no object files are listed as arguments, <CODE>nm</CODE> assumes
<TT>`a.out'</TT>. Alternatively a list of files may be specified using the 
syntax <CODE>@listfile</CODE>. Here <CODE>listfile</CODE> is the name of a file 
containing a list of file names, one per line.

</P>

<P>
For each symbol, <CODE>nm</CODE> shows:

</P>

<UL>
<LI>

The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
hexadecimal by default.

<LI>

The symbol type.  At least the following types are used; others are, as
well, depending on the object file format.  If lowercase, the symbol is
local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).

<DL COMPACT>

<DT><CODE>A</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
linking.

<DT><CODE>B</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).

<DT><CODE>C</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is common.  Common symbols are uninitialized data.  When
linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name.  If the
symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
references.  For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of
--warn-common in section `Linker options' in <CITE>The GNU linker</CITE>.

<DT><CODE>D</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in the initialized data section.

<DT><CODE>G</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects.  Some
object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.

<DT><CODE>I</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.  This is a GNU
extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used.

<DT><CODE>N</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is a debugging symbol.

<DT><CODE>R</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in a read only data section.

<DT><CODE>S</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.

<DT><CODE>T</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is in the text (code) section.

<DT><CODE>U</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is undefined.

<DT><CODE>W</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is weak.  When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.  When a
weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value
of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.

<DT><CODE>-</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file.  In this case, the
next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
the stab type.  Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information;
for more information, see section `Stabs Overview' in <CITE>The "stabs" debug format</CITE>.

<DT><CODE>?</CODE>
<DD>
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
</DL>

<LI>

The symbol name.
</UL>

<P>
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent.

</P>
<DL COMPACT>

<DT><CODE>-A</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>-o</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--print-file-name</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX29"></A>
<A NAME="IDX30"></A>
<A NAME="IDX31"></A>
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element)
in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
before all of its symbols.

<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--debug-syms</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX32"></A>
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
listed.

<DT><CODE>-B</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
<A NAME="IDX34"></A>
The same as <SAMP>`--format=bsd'</SAMP> (for compatibility with the MIPS <CODE>nm</CODE>).

<DT><CODE>-C</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--demangle</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX35"></A>
Decode (<EM>demangle</EM>) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
makes C++ function names readable.  See section <A HREF="binutils.html#SEC11">c++filt</A>, for more information
on demangling.

<DT><CODE>--no-demangle</CODE>
<DD>
Do not demangle low-level symbol names.  This is the default.

<DT><CODE>-D</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--dynamic</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX36"></A>
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols.  This is
only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
libraries.

<DT><CODE>-f <VAR>format</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--format=<VAR>format</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX37"></A>
<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
Use the output format <VAR>format</VAR>, which can be <CODE>bsd</CODE>,
<CODE>sysv</CODE>, or <CODE>posix</CODE>.  The default is <CODE>bsd</CODE>.
Only the first character of <VAR>format</VAR> is significant; it can be
either upper or lower case.

<DT><CODE>-g</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--extern-only</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
Display only external symbols.

<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--numeric-sort</CODE>
<DD>
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
by their names. 

<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--no-sort</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX40"></A>
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
encountered.

<DT><CODE>-P</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--portability</CODE>
<DD>
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
Equivalent to <SAMP>`-f posix'</SAMP>.

<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--print-armap</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX41"></A>
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
(stored in the archive by <CODE>ar</CODE> or <CODE>ranlib</CODE>) of which modules
contain definitions for which names.

<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--reverse-sort</CODE>
<DD>
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
last come first.

<DT><CODE>--size-sort</CODE>
<DD>
Sort symbols by size.  The size is computed as the difference between
the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
value.  The size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value.

<DT><CODE>-t <VAR>radix</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--radix=<VAR>radix</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Use <VAR>radix</VAR> as the radix for printing the symbol values.  It must be
<SAMP>`d'</SAMP> for decimal, <SAMP>`o'</SAMP> for octal, or <SAMP>`x'</SAMP> for hexadecimal.

<DT><CODE>--target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX42"></A>
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
See section <A HREF="binutils.html#SEC13">Target Selection</A>, for more information.

<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--undefined-only</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX43"></A>
<A NAME="IDX44"></A>
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).

<DT><CODE>--defined-only</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX45"></A>
<A NAME="IDX46"></A>
Display only defined symbols for each object file.

<DT><CODE>-V</CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--version</CODE>
<DD>
Show the version number of <CODE>nm</CODE> and exit.

<DT><CODE>--help</CODE>
<DD>
Show a summary of the options to <CODE>nm</CODE> and exit.
</DL>



<H1><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="binutils_toc.html#TOC5">objcopy</A></H1>


<PRE>
objcopy [ -F <VAR>bfdname</VAR> | --target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR> ]
        [ -I <VAR>bfdname</VAR> | --input-target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR> ]
        [ -O <VAR>bfdname</VAR> | --output-target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR> ]
        [ -S | --strip-all ]  [ -g | --strip-debug ]
        [ -K <VAR>symbolname</VAR> | --keep-symbol=<VAR>symbolname</VAR> ]
        [ -N <VAR>symbolname</VAR> | --strip-symbol=<VAR>symbolname</VAR> ]
        [ -x | --discard-all ]  [ -X | --discard-locals ]
        [ -b <VAR>byte</VAR> | --byte=<VAR>byte</VAR> ]
        [ -i <VAR>interleave</VAR> | --interleave=<VAR>interleave</VAR> ]
        [ -R <VAR>sectionname</VAR> | --remove-section=<VAR>sectionname</VAR> ]
        [ --debugging ]
        [ --gap-fill=<VAR>val</VAR> ] [ --pad-to=<VAR>address</VAR> ]
        [ --set-start=<VAR>val</VAR> ] [ --adjust-start=<VAR>incr</VAR> ]
        [ --adjust-vma=<VAR>incr</VAR> ]
        [ --adjust-section-vma=<VAR>section</VAR>{=,+,-}<VAR>val</VAR> ]
        [ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
        [ --set-section-flags=<VAR>section</VAR>=<VAR>flags</VAR> ]
        [ --add-section=<VAR>sectionname</VAR>=<VAR>filename</VAR> ]
        [ --remove-leading-char ]
        [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ]  [ --help ]
        <VAR>infile</VAR> [<VAR>outfile</VAR>]
</PRE>

<P>
The GNU <CODE>objcopy</CODE> utility copies the contents of an object
file to another.  <CODE>objcopy</CODE> uses the GNU BFD Library to
read and write the object files.  It can write the destination object
file in a format different from that of the source object file.  The
exact behavior of <CODE>objcopy</CODE> is controlled by command-line options.

</P>
<P>
<CODE>objcopy</CODE> creates temporary files to do its translations and
deletes them afterward.  <CODE>objcopy</CODE> uses BFD to do all its
translation work; it has access to all the formats described in BFD
and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
explicitly.  See section `BFD' in <CITE>Using LD</CITE>.

</P>
<P>
<CODE>objcopy</CODE> can be used to generate S-records by using an output
target of <SAMP>`srec'</SAMP> (e.g., use <SAMP>`-O srec'</SAMP>).

</P>
<P>
<CODE>objcopy</CODE> can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an
output target of <SAMP>`binary'</SAMP> (e.g., use <SAMP>`-O binary'</SAMP>).  When
<CODE>objcopy</CODE> generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce
a memory dump of the contents of the input object file.  All symbols and
relocation information will be discarded.  The memory dump will start at
the virtual address of the lowest section copied into the output file.

</P>
<P>
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
use <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> to remove sections containing debugging information.  In
some cases <SAMP>`-R'</SAMP> will be useful to remove sections which contain
information which is not needed by the binary file.

</P>
<DL COMPACT>

<DT><CODE><VAR>infile</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE><VAR>outfile</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
The source and output files, respectively.
If you do not specify <VAR>outfile</VAR>, <CODE>objcopy</CODE> creates a
temporary file and destructively renames the result with
the name of <VAR>infile</VAR>.

<DT><CODE>-I <VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--input-target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Consider the source file's object format to be <VAR>bfdname</VAR>, rather than
attempting to deduce it.  See section <A HREF="binutils.html#SEC13">Target Selection</A>, for more information.

<DT><CODE>-O <VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--output-target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Write the output file using the object format <VAR>bfdname</VAR>.
See section <A HREF="binutils.html#SEC13">Target Selection</A>, for more information.

<DT><CODE>-F <VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<DT><CODE>--target=<VAR>bfdname</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Use <VAR>bfdname</VAR> as the object format for both the input and the output
file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
translation.  See section <A HREF="binutils.html#SEC13">Target Selection</A>, for more information.