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<HTML><HEAD><!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52 from binutils.texi on 23 March 1999 --><TITLE>gnu Binary Utilities</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H1>The GNU Binary Utilities</H1><H2>Version cygnus-2.7.2</H2><H2>May 1993</H2><ADDRESS>Roland H. Pesch</ADDRESS><ADDRESS>Jeffrey M. Osier</ADDRESS><ADDRESS>Cygnus Support</ADDRESS><P><P><HR><P><H1><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="binutils_toc.html#TOC1">ar</A></H1><P><A NAME="IDX1"></A><A NAME="IDX2"></A><A NAME="IDX3"></A><PRE>ar [-]<VAR>p</VAR>[<VAR>mod</VAR> [<VAR>relpos</VAR>]] <VAR>archive</VAR> [<VAR>member</VAR>...]ar -M [ <mri-script ]</PRE><P>The GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> program creates, modifies, and extracts fromarchives. An <EM>archive</EM> is a single file holding a collection ofother files in a structure that makes it possible to retrievethe original individual files (called <EM>members</EM> of the archive).</P><P>As an alternative to listing the member names explicitly you canspecify a list of files with the syntax <CODE>@listfile</CODE>. Here <CODE>listfile</CODE> is the name of a file containing a list of file names, one per line.</P><P>The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, andgroup are preserved in the archive, and can be restored onextraction. </P><P><A NAME="IDX4"></A>GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> can maintain archives whose members have names of anylength; however, depending on how <CODE>ar</CODE> is configured on yoursystem, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibilitywith archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, thelimit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16characters (typical of formats related to coff).</P><P><A NAME="IDX5"></A><CODE>ar</CODE> is considered a binary utility because archives of this sortare most often used as <EM>libraries</EM> holding commonly neededsubroutines.</P><P><A NAME="IDX6"></A><CODE>ar</CODE> creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatableobject modules in the archive when you specify the modifier <SAMP>`s'</SAMP>.Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever <CODE>ar</CODE>makes a change to its contents (save for the <SAMP>`q'</SAMP> update operation).An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, andallows routines in the library to call each other without regard totheir placement in the archive.</P><P>You may use <SAMP>`nm -s'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`nm --print-armap'</SAMP> to list this indextable. If an archive lacks the table, another form of <CODE>ar</CODE> called<CODE>ranlib</CODE> can be used to add just the table.</P><P><A NAME="IDX7"></A><A NAME="IDX8"></A>GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> is designed to be compatible with two differentfacilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,like the different varieties of <CODE>ar</CODE> on Unix systems; or, if youspecify the single command-line option <SAMP>`-M'</SAMP>, you can control itwith a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian"program.</P><H2><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="binutils_toc.html#TOC2">Controlling <CODE>ar</CODE> on the command line</A></H2><PRE>ar [-]<VAR>p</VAR>[<VAR>mod</VAR> [<VAR>relpos</VAR>]] <VAR>archive</VAR> [<VAR>member</VAR>...]</PRE><P><A NAME="IDX9"></A>When you use <CODE>ar</CODE> in the Unix style, <CODE>ar</CODE> insists on at least twoarguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the <EM>operation</EM>(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying<EM>modifiers</EM>), and the archive name to act on.</P><P>Most operations can also accept further <VAR>member</VAR> arguments,specifying particular files to operate on.</P><P>GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> allows you to mix the operation code <VAR>p</VAR> and modifierflags <VAR>mod</VAR> in any order, within the first command-line argument.</P><P>If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with adash.</P><P><A NAME="IDX10"></A>The <VAR>p</VAR> keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may beany of the following, but you must specify only one of them:</P><DL COMPACT><DT><CODE>d</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX11"></A><EM>Delete</EM> modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules tobe deleted as <VAR>member</VAR>...; the archive is untouched if youspecify no files to delete.If you specify the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> modifier, <CODE>ar</CODE> lists each moduleas it is deleted.<DT><CODE>m</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX12"></A>Use this operation to <EM>move</EM> members in an archive.The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in howprograms are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in morethan one member. If no modifiers are used with <CODE>m</CODE>, any members you name in the<VAR>member</VAR> arguments are moved to the <EM>end</EM> of the archive;you can use the <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`i'</SAMP> modifiers to move them to aspecified place instead.<DT><CODE>p</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX13"></A><EM>Print</EM> the specified members of the archive, to the standardoutput file. If the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> modifier is specified, show the membername before copying its contents to standard output.If you specify no <VAR>member</VAR> arguments, all the files in the archive areprinted.<DT><CODE>q</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX14"></A><EM>Quick append</EM>; add the files <VAR>member</VAR>... to the end of<VAR>archive</VAR>, without checking for replacement.The modifiers <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`i'</SAMP> do <EM>not</EM> affect thisoperation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.The modifier <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> makes <CODE>ar</CODE> list each file as it is appended.Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol tableindex is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use <SAMP>`ar s'</SAMP> or<CODE>ranlib</CODE> explicitly to update the symbol table index.<DT><CODE>r</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX15"></A>Insert the files <VAR>member</VAR>... into <VAR>archive</VAR> (with<EM>replacement</EM>). This operation differs from <SAMP>`q'</SAMP> in that anypreviously existing members are deleted if their names match those beingadded.If one of the files named in <VAR>member</VAR>... does not exist, <CODE>ar</CODE>displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing membersof the archive matching that name.By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you mayuse one of the modifiers <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`i'</SAMP> to requestplacement relative to some existing member.The modifier <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> used with this operation elicits a line ofoutput for each file inserted, along with one of the letters <SAMP>`a'</SAMP> or<SAMP>`r'</SAMP> to indicate whether the file was appended (no old memberdeleted) or replaced.<DT><CODE>t</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX16"></A>Display a <EM>table</EM> listing the contents of <VAR>archive</VAR>, or thoseof the files listed in <VAR>member</VAR>... that are present in thearchive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want tosee the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you canrequest that by also specifying the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> modifier.If you do not specify a <VAR>member</VAR>, all files in the archiveare listed.<A NAME="IDX17"></A><A NAME="IDX18"></A>If there is more than one file with the same name (say, <SAMP>`fie'</SAMP>) inan archive (say <SAMP>`b.a'</SAMP>), <SAMP>`ar t b.a fie'</SAMP> lists only thefirst instance; to see them all, you must ask for a completelisting--in our example, <SAMP>`ar t b.a'</SAMP>.<DT><CODE>x</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A><EM>Extract</EM> members (named <VAR>member</VAR>) from the archive. You canuse the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> modifier with this operation, to request that<CODE>ar</CODE> list each name as it extracts it.If you do not specify a <VAR>member</VAR>, all files in the archiveare extracted.</DL><P>A number of modifiers (<VAR>mod</VAR>) may immediately follow the <VAR>p</VAR>keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:</P><DL COMPACT><DT><CODE>a</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX20"></A>Add new files <EM>after</EM> an existing member of thearchive. If you use the modifier <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, the name of an existing archivemember must be present as the <VAR>relpos</VAR> argument, before the<VAR>archive</VAR> specification.<DT><CODE>b</CODE><DD>Add new files <EM>before</EM> an existing member of thearchive. If you use the modifier <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>, the name of an existing archivemember must be present as the <VAR>relpos</VAR> argument, before the<VAR>archive</VAR> specification. (same as <SAMP>`i'</SAMP>).<DT><CODE>c</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX21"></A><EM>Create</EM> the archive. The specified <VAR>archive</VAR> is alwayscreated if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning isissued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, byusing this modifier.<DT><CODE>f</CODE><DD>Truncate names in the archive. GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> will normally permit filenames of any length. This will cause it to create archives which arenot compatible with the native <CODE>ar</CODE> program on some systems. Ifthis is a concern, the <SAMP>`f'</SAMP> modifier may be used to truncate filenames when putting them in the archive.<DT><CODE>i</CODE><DD>Insert new files <EM>before</EM> an existing member of thearchive. If you use the modifier <SAMP>`i'</SAMP>, the name of an existing archivemember must be present as the <VAR>relpos</VAR> argument, before the<VAR>archive</VAR> specification. (same as <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>).<DT><CODE>l</CODE><DD>This modifier is accepted but not used.<DT><CODE>o</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX22"></A>Preserve the <EM>original</EM> dates of members when extracting them. Ifyou do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archiveare stamped with the time of extraction.<DT><CODE>s</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX23"></A>Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifierflag either with any operation, or alone. Running <SAMP>`ar s'</SAMP> on anarchive is equivalent to running <SAMP>`ranlib'</SAMP> on it.<DT><CODE>u</CODE><DD><A NAME="IDX24"></A>Normally, <SAMP>`ar r'</SAMP>... inserts all fileslisted into the archive. If you would like to insert <EM>only</EM> thoseof the files you list that are newer than existing members of the samenames, use this modifier. The <SAMP>`u'</SAMP> modifier is allowed only for theoperation <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> (replace). In particular, the combination <SAMP>`qu'</SAMP> isnot allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speedadvantage from the operation <SAMP>`q'</SAMP>.<DT><CODE>v</CODE><DD>This modifier requests the <EM>verbose</EM> version of an operation. Manyoperations display additional information, such as filenames processed,when the modifier <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> is appended.<DT><CODE>V</CODE><DD>This modifier shows the version number of <CODE>ar</CODE>.</DL><H2><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="binutils_toc.html#TOC3">Controlling <CODE>ar</CODE> with a script</A></H2><PRE>ar -M [ <<VAR>script</VAR> ]</PRE><P><A NAME="IDX25"></A><A NAME="IDX26"></A>If you use the single command-line option <SAMP>`-M'</SAMP> with <CODE>ar</CODE>, youcan control its operation with a rudimentary command language. Thisform of <CODE>ar</CODE> operates interactively if standard input is comingdirectly from a terminal. During interactive use, <CODE>ar</CODE> prompts forinput (the prompt is <SAMP>`AR >'</SAMP>), and continues executing even aftererrors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts areissued, and <CODE>ar</CODE> abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code)on any error.</P><P>The <CODE>ar</CODE> command language is <EM>not</EM> designed to be equivalentto the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less controlover archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease thetransition to GNU <CODE>ar</CODE> for developers who already have scriptswritten for the MRI "librarian" program.</P><P>The syntax for the <CODE>ar</CODE> command language is straightforward:<UL><LI>commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, <CODE>LIST</CODE>is the same as <CODE>list</CODE>. In the following descriptions, commands areshown in upper case for clarity.<LI>a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on theline.<LI>empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.<LI>comments are allowed; text after either of the characters <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>or <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> is ignored.<LI>Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an <CODE>ar</CODE>command, you can separate the individual names with either commas orblanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.<LI><SAMP>`+'</SAMP> is used as a line continuation character; if <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> appearsat the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered partof the current command.</UL><P>Here are the commands you can use in <CODE>ar</CODE> scripts, or when using<CODE>ar</CODE> interactively. Three of them have special significance:</P><P><CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE> specify a <EM>current archive</EM>, which isa temporary file required for most of the other commands.</P><P><CODE>SAVE</CODE> commits the changes so far specified by the script. Priorto <CODE>SAVE</CODE>, commands affect only the temporary copy of the currentarchive.</P><DL COMPACT><DT><CODE>ADDLIB <VAR>archive</VAR></CODE><DD><DT><CODE>ADDLIB <VAR>archive</VAR> (<VAR>module</VAR>, <VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR>)</CODE><DD>Add all the contents of <VAR>archive</VAR> (or, if specified, each named<VAR>module</VAR> from <VAR>archive</VAR>) to the current archive.Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.<DT><CODE>ADDMOD <VAR>member</VAR>, <VAR>member</VAR>, ... <VAR>member</VAR></CODE><DD>Add each named <VAR>member</VAR> as a module in the current archive.Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.<DT><CODE>CLEAR</CODE><DD>Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect ofany operations since the last <CODE>SAVE</CODE>. May be executed (with noeffect) even if no current archive is specified.<DT><CODE>CREATE <VAR>archive</VAR></CODE><DD>Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for manyother commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; itis not actually saved as <VAR>archive</VAR> until you use <CODE>SAVE</CODE>.You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of anyexisting file named <VAR>archive</VAR> will not be destroyed until <CODE>SAVE</CODE>.<DT><CODE>DELETE <VAR>module</VAR>, <VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR></CODE><DD>Delete each listed <VAR>module</VAR> from the current archive; equivalent to<SAMP>`ar -d <VAR>archive</VAR> <VAR>module</VAR> ... <VAR>module</VAR>'</SAMP>.Requires prior use of <CODE>OPEN</CODE> or <CODE>CREATE</CODE>.<DT><CODE>DIRECTORY <VAR>archive</VAR> (<VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR>)</CODE><DD><DT><CODE>DIRECTORY <VAR>archive</VAR> (<VAR>module</VAR>, ... <VAR>module</VAR>) <VAR>outputfile</VAR></CODE><DD>List each named <VAR>module</VAR> present in <VAR>archive</VAR>. The separatecommand <CODE>VERBOSE</CODE> specifies the form of the output: when verbose⌨️ 快捷键说明
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