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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>微机主板</TITLE><!-- Mirrored from 202.112.152.168:8080/courseware/content/04hardware/detail/4-2-3.htm by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2003], Wed, 13 Oct 2004 15:05:03 GMT -->
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<TD class=tdtitle align=middle height=38>微机主板</TD></TR>
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<P> 主板是微机系统中最大的一块电路板，是由多层印刷电路板和焊接在其上的CPU插槽、内存槽、高速缓存、控制芯片组、总线扩展（ISA、PCI、AGP）、外设接口（键盘口、鼠标口、COM口、LPT口、GAME口）、CMOS和BIOS控制芯片等构成。按结构分为AT主板和ATX主板，按其大小分为标准板、Baby、Micro板等几种。
<BR> 主板有两个主要功能：一是提供安装CPU、内存和各种功能卡的插座，部分主板甚至将一些功能卡的功能制作在主板上。二是为各种常用外部设备，如打印机、扫描仪、调制解调器、外部存储器等提供通用接口。
<P><IMG height=7 src="12_files/dotdb.gif" width=30><STRONG><FONT
color=#0069dd>微机主板的典型逻辑结构</FONT></STRONG>
<BR> 微机通过主板将CPU等各种器件和外部设备有机地结合起来形成一套完整的系统。微机在正常运行时对系统内存、存储设备和其它I/O设备的操控都必须通过主板来完成。微机主板的典型逻辑结构如下图所示：
<DIV align=center><IMG src="12_files/4-2-3-1.jpg"></DIV>
<P><IMG height=7 src="12_files/dotdb.gif" width=30><STRONG><FONT
color=#0069dd>ATX主板</FONT></STRONG>
<P class=MsoNormalIndent
style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.95pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.71; mso-char-indent-size: 10.45pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">ATX</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结构规范是由</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Intel</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司提出的一种主板标准，该标准的设计充分考虑到主板上</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">CPU</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">RAM</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、长短卡的位置，其中将</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">CPU</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、外接槽、</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">RAM</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、电源插头的位置固定，较好地解决了硬件散热的问题，为安装、扩展硬件提供了方便。</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">典型<SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">ATX</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">主板的物理结构如图：</SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P><IMG height=7 src="12_files/dotdb.gif" width=30><STRONG><FONT
color=#0069dd>主板的主要部件</FONT></STRONG>
<BR> 主板的主要部件包括：芯片组、CPU插座、内存插槽、总线扩展槽、输入输出接口、基本输入输出BIOS和CMOS。
<P> <A
onclick=displayin(text1)+displayout(text2)+displayout(text3);
href="http://www.hxu.edu.cn/partwebs/jisuanjixi/ctsn/dxjsjjc/kcnr/wlkj/04hardware/detail/4-2-3.htm#">芯片组</A><IMG height=10 src="12_files/dot3.gif" width=24></P>
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<P> 芯片组是主板的灵魂，由一组超大规模集成电路芯片构成。芯片组控制和协调整个计算机系统的正常运转和各个部件的选型，它被固定在母板上，不能像CPU、内存等进行简单的升级换代。
<BR> 芯片组的作用是在BIOS和操作系统的控制下，按照统一规定的技术标准和规范为计算机中的CPU、内存、显卡等部件建立可靠的安装、运行环境，为各种接口的外部设备提供可靠的连接。</P></DIV>
<P> <IMG height=10 src="12_files/dot3.gif" width=24><A
onclick=displayin(text2)+displayout(text1)+displayout(text3);
href="http://www.hxu.edu.cn/partwebs/jisuanjixi/ctsn/dxjsjjc/kcnr/wlkj/04hardware/detail/4-2-3.htm#">CPU插座</A></P>
<DIV id=text2 style="DISPLAY: none">
<P>
用于固定连接CPU芯片。由于集成化程度和制造工艺的不断提高，越来越多的功能被集成到CPU上。为了使CPU安装更加方便，现在CPU插座基本上采用零插槽式设计。</P></DIV>
<P> <IMG height=10 src="12_files/dot3.gif" width=24><A
onclick=displayin(text3)+displayout(text2)+displayout(text1);
href="http://www.hxu.edu.cn/partwebs/jisuanjixi/ctsn/dxjsjjc/kcnr/wlkj/04hardware/detail/4-2-3.htm#">内存插槽</A></P>
<DIV id=text3 style="DISPLAY: none">
<P> 随着内存扩展板的标准化，主板给内存预留专用插槽，只要购买所需数量并与主板插槽匹配的内存条，就可以实现扩充内存和即插即用。</P></DIV>
<P> <IMG height=10 src="12_files/dot3.gif"
width=24>输入输出接口 <A
href="http://www.hxu.edu.cn/partwebs/jisuanjixi/ctsn/dxjsjjc/kcnr/wlkj/04hardware/detail/4-2-3_more1.htm"><IMG
height=18 src="12_files/more.gif" width=46 align=absMiddle
border=0></A></P>
<P> <IMG height=10 src="12_files/dot3.gif"
width=24>基本输入输出BIOS和CMOS <A
href="http://www.hxu.edu.cn/partwebs/jisuanjixi/ctsn/dxjsjjc/kcnr/wlkj/04hardware/detail/4-2-3_more2.htm"><IMG
height=18 src="12_files/more.gif" width=46 align=absMiddle
border=0></A></P></TD></TR>
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