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<head><title>组合数学</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css"></head><h1>§2.5  线性常系数递推关系&nbsp; </h1><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 定义  如果序列{a<sub>n</sub>}满足</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image004.gif" width="304" height="48"></p><p>C<sub>1</sub>,C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>...</sup>,C<sub>k</sub>及d<sub>0</sub>,d<sub>1</sub>,<sup>...</sup>,d<sub>k-1</sub>是常数,C<sub>k</sub>&lt;&gt;0,则(2-5-1)称为{a<sub>n</sub>}的k阶常系数线性递推关系,(2-5-2)称为{a<sub>n</sub>}的初始条件,  称C(x)=x<sup>k</sup>+C<sub>1</sub>x<sup>k-1</sup>+<sup>...</sup>+C<sub>k-1</sub>x+C<sub>k</sub>为{a<sub>n</sub>}的特征多项式&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 设G(x)为{a<sub>n</sub>}的母函数 根据(2-5-1),有&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image019.gif" width="200" height="25"></p><p>将这些式子两边分别相加,得到&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image021.gif" width="263" height="119"></p><p>即&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image023.gif" width="232" height="75"></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image025.gif" width="319" height="48"></p><p>其中C<sub>0</sub>=1</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 令&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image029.gif" width="148" height="48">,</p><p>多项式P(x)的次      数不大于k-1。      特征多项式C(x)=x<sup>k</sup>+C<sub>1</sub>x<sup>k-1</sup>+<sup>...</sup>+C<sub>k-1</sub>x+C<sub>k</sub>因此,&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image033.gif" width="187" height="45"></p><p>是k次多项式,我们知道C(x)=0在复数域中有k个根。设&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image035.gif" width="233" height="51"></p><p>则&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image037.gif" width="268" height="75"></p><p>于是 (1+C<sub>1</sub>x+<sup>...</sup>+C<sub>k-1</sub>x<sup>k</sup>)G(x)=P(x)</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image041.gif" width="315" height="93"></p><p>(2-5-3)式是有理式,且分子的次数低于分母的次数,有分项表示,即:&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image043.gif" width="293" height="171"></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image045.gif" width="253" height="48"></p><p>x<sup>n</sup> 的系数是&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image049.gif" width="173" height="48">。&nbsp;</p><p>A<sub>ij</sub>是常数。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 定理:设P(x)/Q(x)是有理分式,多项式的P(x)次数低于Q(x)的次数。则P(x)/Q(x)有分项表示,且表示唯一&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 证明:设Q(x)的次数为n,对n用数学归纳法。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n=1时,P(x)是常数,命题成立。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 假设对小于n的正整数,命题成立。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 下面证明对正整数n命题成立。设a 是Q(x)的k重根,&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image056.gif" width="216" height="24"></p><p>不妨设P(x)与Q(x)互素,设&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image058.gif" width="219" height="168"></p><p>P(x)的次数低于Q(x)。根据归纳假设,&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image060.gif" width="93" height="45"></p><p>可分项表示。因此,P(x)/Q(x)可分项表示。由(2-5-6)式及(2-5-7)式可知表示是唯一的。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 以下分别各种情况讨论具体计算的问题。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1)特征多项式C(x)无重根&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 设 C(x)=(x-a<sub>1</sub>)(x-a<sub>1</sub>)<sup>...</sup>(x-a<sub>1</sub>),(2-5-4)可见化为&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image065.gif" width="241" height="93"></p><p>&nbsp;x<sup>n</sup>的系数是&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image068.gif" width="203" height="45"></p><p>&nbsp;A<sub>1</sub>,A<sub>2</sub>,<sup>...</sup>,A<sub>k</sub>可由线性方程组&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image072.gif" width="281" height="101"></p><p>解出。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2-5-10)的系数矩阵的行列式是Vander mond  行列式&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image074.gif" width="211" height="139"></p><p>不难看出(2-5-10)有唯一解。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2)特征多项式C(x)有共轭复根,设 是C(x)的一对共轭复根。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image078.gif" width="308" height="25"></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image080.gif" width="104" height="45"></p><p>中x<sup>n</sup> 的系数是&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image083.gif" width="324" height="131"></p><p>其中&nbsp;A=A<sub>1</sub>+A<sub>2</sub>, B=i(A<sub>1</sub>-A<sub>2</sub>)</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在具体计算时,可先求出各对共轭复根,再求待定系数A,B,避免中间过程的复数运算。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (3)特征多项式C(x)有重根&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 设a是C(x)的k重根,则(2-5-4)可简化为&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image087.gif" width="77" height="45"></p><p>的系数&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image090.gif" width="149" height="48">。</p><p>其中&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image092.gif" width="149" height="48"></p><p>是n的j-1次多项式。因此,a<sub>n</sub>是à<sup>n</sup>与n的k-1次多项式的乘积。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为了简化计算,下面引入一些记号,介绍几个命题。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 设x是任意变量,n是非负整数,令&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image098.gif" width="269" height="69"></p><p>不难证明,多项式f(x)=a<sub>n</sub>x<sup>n</sup>+a<sub>n-1</sub>x<sup>n-1</sup>+<sup>...</sup>+a<sub>1</sub>x+a<sub>0</sub> 可用&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image102.gif" width="101" height="48"></p><p>唯一线性表示。其中a<sub>k</sub> (k=0..n)是常数&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 设{a<sub>n</sub>}是给定序列,令&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image108.gif" width="227" height="25"></p><p><img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image110.gif" width="33" height="25">, 称为a<sub>n</sub>的k阶差分。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 不难证明,如果对任意的n有&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image113.gif" width="57" height="25">,</p><p>则有&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image115.gif" width="135" height="48"></p><p>因而序列{a<sub>n</sub>}的特征多项式为C(x)=(1-x)<sup>&thorn;</sup></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 不难证明,如果<img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image110.gif" width="33" height="25">是n的r次多项式,则a<sub>n</sub> 是n的r+1次多项式。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 以上几个命题作为习题,请读者自己证明。&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 总之:&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1)若特征多项式C(x)有n个不同零点a<sub>0</sub>,a<sub>1</sub>,<sup>...</sup>,a<sub>n</sub> 则递推关系(2-5-1)的解a<sub>k</sub>=l<sub>1</sub>a<sub>1</sub><sup>k</sup>+l<sub>2</sub>a<sub>2</sub><sup>k</sup>+<sup>...</sup>+l<sub>n</sub>a<sub>n</sub><sup>k</sup> 其中l<sub>1</sub>l<sub>2</sub><sup>...</sup>l<sub>n</sub> 是待定系数,有初始条件(2-5-2)来确定。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2)若特征多项式C(x)有不同的复根,可依照(1)的办法处理。不过任意复数a+bi可写为<img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image129.gif" width="31" height="24">形式,设</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image131.gif" width="184" height="24"></p><p>&nbsp;是C(x)的一个零点,其共轭复根为&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image133.gif" width="192" height="24"></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image135.gif" width="257" height="77"></p></blockquote><p>l<sub>1</sub>+l<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;和i(l<sub>1</sub>+l<sub>2</sub>) 仍然是待定常数。即C(x)=0有一对共轭复根</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image141.gif" width="61" height="24">&nbsp;</p><p>和</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image143.gif" width="69" height="24"></p><p>时,递推关系(2-5-1)的解有对应的项&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image145.gif" width="160" height="24"></p><p>其中A,B是待定常数。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (3)若C(x) k重根。不妨设a<sub>1</sub>是k的重根。则递推关系(2-5-1)的解对应于的项为&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="2_5.pic/image149.gif" width="176" height="25"></p><p>其中A<sub>0</sub>,A<sub>1</sub>,<sup>...</sup>,A<sub>k</sub> 是k个待定常数。&nbsp;</p>

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