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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 2.0//EN"><!-- This collection of hypertext pages is Copyright 1995-2005 by Steve Summit. --><!-- Content from the book "C Programming FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions" --><!-- (Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-84519-9) is made available here by --><!-- permission of the author and the publisher as a service to the community. --><!-- It is intended to complement the use of the published text --><!-- and is protected by international copyright laws. --><!-- The on-line content may be accessed freely for personal use --><!-- but may not be published or retransmitted without explicit permission. --><!-- --><!-- this page built Sat Dec 24 21:47:47 2005 by faqproc version 2.7 --><!-- from source file glossary.sgml dated Sat Nov 24 21:34:49 2001 --><!-- corresponding to FAQ list version 4.0 --><html><!-- Mirrored from c-faq.com/sx1/index.html by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2008], Sat, 14 Mar 2009 07:57:19 GMT --><head><meta name=GENERATOR content="faqproc"><title>Glossary</title></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <a href="../index-2.html"><img src="../images/buttontop.gif" alt="top/contents"></a><a href="../search.html"><img src="../images/buttonsrch.gif" alt="search"></a><hr><H1>Glossary</H1><p>These definitions are of termsas they are used in this list.Some of these terms have more formal definitions which are slightlydifferent.Many of these terms are from the ANSI/ISO C Standard;see ANSI Sec. 1.6 or ISO Sec. 3.</p><DL><DT><a name="aggregate">aggregate</a></DT><DD>n.An array or structure type.adj.Refers to such a type.</DD><DT><a name="actual argument">actual argument</a></DT><DD>See <a href="index.html#argument"><dfn>argument</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="alias">alias</a></DT><DD>n.A reference(usually in the form of a pointer)to an object which is also known via other references(i.e. its own name,orother pointers).vt.To create such a reference.</DD><DT><a name="ANSI">ANSI</a></DT><DD>n.The American National Standards Institute.adj.Used informally to refer to Standard C;see question <a href="../ansi/ansi1.html">11.1</a>.</DD><DT><a name="argument">argument</a></DT><DD>n.A value which is passedin an argument listduring a function callor function-like macro invocation.Often emphasized ``actual argument.''Compare <a href="index.html#parameter"><dfn>parameter</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="argv"><TT>argv</TT></a></DT><DD>n.The traditional name for the array(``vector'')of command-line argumentswhich is passed to <TT>main()</TT>when a C program is invoked;see questions<a href="../ansi/voidmain.html">11.12b</a>and<a href="../misc/argv.html">20.3</a>.</DD><DT><a name="arithmetic">arithmetic</a></DT><DD>adj.Refers to atype orvalue on whichconventionalarithmetic can be performed.The arithmetic types in C arethe <a href="index.html#integral types"><dfn>integral types</dfn></a> (q.v.)and the floating types(<TT>float</TT>, <TT>double</TT>, and <TT>long double</TT>).</DD><DT><a name="ASCII">ASCII</a></DT><DD>n.,adj.The AmericanStandard Code for Information Interchange,ANSI X3.4-86.</DD><DT><a name="assignment context">assignment context</a></DT><DD>n.An expressioncontextwhich is recognizably the sourceof an assignmentor conversionto a destinationof known type.The assignment contexts in Careinitializations,the right-hand side of assignment expressions,casts,return statements,andfunctionargumentsin the presence of aprototype.</DD><DT><a name="automatic">automatic</a></DT><DD>adj.(Often as ``automatic duration.'')Refers to an object which has its storage automatically allocatedon entry toa function(or a nested block),and deallocated upon return from the function(or exit from the block).In other words,refers to local, nonstatic variables(as opposed to global variables,or static variables whether inside or outside of a function).Compare <a href="index.html#static"><dfn>static</dfn></a>, sense 1.See question <a href="../decl/initval.html">1.30</a>.</DD><DT><a name="big-endian">big-endian</a></DT><DD>adj.Refers to storage of a multi-byte quantitywith the most-significant byteat the lowestaddress.See also <a href="index.html#byte order"><dfn>byte order</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="binary">binary</a></DT><DD>adj.1.Base two.2.Refers to I/O done in a byte-for-byte or bit-for-bit way,without formatting or interpretation,i.e. a direct copy operationbetween internal memory and external storage.3.Refers toafile which is to be interpreted as a sequence of raw bytes,in whichany byte values may appear.Compare <a href="index.html#text"><dfn>text</dfn></a>.See questions<a href="../stdio/fopenbinary.html">12.38</a>,<a href="../stdio/textvsbinary.html">12.40</a>,and<a href="../misc/binaryfiles.html">20.5</a>.4.Refers to an operator taking two operands.Compare <a href="index.html#unary"><dfn>unary</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="bind">bind</a></DT><DD>vt,vi.Informally, to ``stick to'' or ``stick together'';usually used to indicate which operand(s) are associated with which operator,based on precedence rules.</DD><DT><a name="bitmask">bitmask</a></DT><DD>n.A <a href="index.html#mask"><dfn>mask</dfn></a>, sense 1.</DD><DT><a name="byte">byte</a></DT><DD>n.A unit of storage suitable for holding one character.Compare <a href="index.html#octet"><dfn>octet</dfn></a>.See question <a href="../charstring/wchar.html">8.10</a>.See ANSI Sec. 1.6or ISO Sec. 3.4.</DD><DT><a name="byte order">byte order</a></DT><DD>n.The characteristic ordering of multi-byte quantities(usually integral)in memory,on disk,or in a network or other bytewise I/O stream.The twocommonbyte orders(most-significant-first and least-significant-first)are often called<a href="index.html#big-endian"><dfn>big-endian</dfn></a> and <a href="index.html#little-endian"><dfn>little-endian</dfn></a>(q.v.).</DD><DT><a name="canonical mode">canonical mode</a></DT><DD>n.The mode of a <a href="index.html#terminal driver"><dfn>terminal driver</dfn></a>in which input is collected a line at a time,allowing the user to correct mistakeswith thebackspace/delete/rubout or other keys.See question <a href="../osdep/cbreak.html">19.1</a>.</DD><DT><a name=".c file">.c file</a></DT><DD>n.A <a href="index.html#source file"><dfn>source file</dfn></a>, sense 2.(See questions <a href="../decl/decldef.html">1.7</a> and <a href="../cpp/hfiles.html">10.6</a>.)</DD><DT><a name="cast">cast</a></DT><DD>n.The syntax<pre> ( <I>type-name</I> )</pre>where <I>type-name</I> is a type namesuch as <TT>int</TT> or <TT>char *</TT>;used to indicate an explicit conversion of a valueto another type.vt.To convert a value using a cast.</DD><DT><a name="conforming">conforming</a></DT><DD>adj.1.Refers to an implementation(a compiler or other language processor)which will accept any <a href="index.html#strictly conforming"><dfn>strictly conforming</dfn></a> (q.v.) program.2.Refers to a program which is acceptable to a conforming implementation.(See ANSI Sec. 1.7 or ISO Sec. 4.)</DD><DT><a name="cpp"><TT>cpp</TT></a></DT><DD>n.The traditional name for a standalone programimplementing the features of the C preprocessor.</DD><DT><a name="decay">decay</a></DT><DD>vi.To undergo an implicit transformationtoa valueofslightly reduced type.Informally,arrays and functions tend to decay into pointers in C.See questions <a href="../aryptr/aryptrequiv.html">6.3</a> and <a href="../decl/ptrfuncinit.html">1.34</a>.</DD><DT><a name="declaration">declaration</a></DT><DD>n.1.In general,a syntactical elementwhich describes the name and typeof one or morevariables, functions,structures, unions, or enumerations.2.More specifically,such a descriptionwhich refers to a variable or functionwhich has its <a href="index.html#definition"><dfn>definition</dfn></a> elsewhere.See question <a href="../decl/decldef.html">1.7</a>.</DD><DT><a name="declarator">declarator</a></DT><DD>n.The ``second half'' of a C declaration,consisting of an identifier namealong with optional <TT>*</TT>, <TT>[]</TT>, or <TT>()</TT> syntaxindicating(if present)that the identifier isa pointer, array, function, or some combination.See question <a href="../decl/cdecl1.html">1.21</a>.</DD><DT><a name="definition">definition</a></DT><DD>n.1.A <a href="index.html#declaration"><dfn>declaration</dfn></a>of a variable or functionwhich allocates and optionally initializes(in the case of a variable)or provides the function body(in the case of a function).A definition in this sense is the opposite of<a href="index.html#declaration"><dfn>declaration</dfn></a>, sense 2.See question <a href="../decl/decldef.html">1.7</a>.2.A declaration of a structure, union, or enumeration typewhich describes the type(and usually assigns a <a href="index.html#tag"><dfn>tag</dfn></a>)without necessarily defining any variables of that type.3.A preprocessor <TT>#define</TT> directive.</DD><DT><a name="dereference">dereference</a></DT><DD>vt.To look up a value referred to.Usually, the ``value referred to''is the value pointed to by a pointer,so to ``dereference a pointer''simply means to see what it points to(in C,eitherwith the unary <TT>*</TT> operatoror the ``array subscripting'' operator <TT>[]</TT>).Occasionally,may refer to the fetching of the value of <em>any</em> variable.See also <a href="index.html#indirect"><dfn>indirect</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="dope vector">dope vector</a></DT><DD>n.An array(or pointer-simulated array)which consists merely of pointers to other arrays(or other pointer-simulated arrays).See also <a href="index.html#ragged array"><dfn>ragged array</dfn></a>.See questions <a href="../aryptr/dynmuldimary.html">6.16</a>and <a href="../misc/ragged.html">20.2</a>.</DD><DT><a name="endianness">endianness</a></DT><DD>n.byte order(q.v.).</DD><DT><a name="external">external</a></DT><DD>n.A function or variable which is referred to,but not defined,by some source file(or object module).Oftenshows upin the error message ``undefined external''printed by a linkerwhen a definitioncannot be found.</DD><DT><a name="field">field</a></DT><DD>n.1.Loosely,amember of a structure or union.(An unambiguous term is <a href="index.html#member"><dfn>member</dfn></a>.)2.Specifically, a bitfield(see question <a href="../struct/bitfield0.html">2.25</a>).</DD><DT><a name="formal parameter">formal parameter</a></DT><DD>n.See <a href="index.html#parameter"><dfn>parameter</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="freestanding environment">freestanding environment</a></DT><DD>A C environment which does not support the C libraries;oneintended for embedded applications and the like.Compare <a href="index.html#hosted environment"><dfn>hosted environment</dfn></a>.(See ANSI Sec. 1.7 or ISO Sec. 4.)</DD><DT><a name="FSF">FSF</a></DT><DD>n.The Free Software Foundation.</DD><DT><a name="FTP">FTP</a></DT><DD>1.n.The internetFile Transfer Protocol.2.vt.To transfer a file by FTP.</DD><DT><a name="full expression">full expression</a></DT><DD>The complete expression that forms an expression statement,or one of the controlling expressions of an <TT>if</TT>, <TT>switch</TT>, <TT>while</TT>, <TT>for</TT>, or <TT>do</TT>/<TT>while</TT> statement,or the expression in an initializer or a <TT>return</TT> statement.A full expression is not part of a larger expression.(See ANSI Sec. 3.6 or ISO Sec. 6.6.)</DD><DT><a name="function pointer">function pointer</a></DT><DD>n.A pointer to any function type.Compare <a href="index.html#object pointer"><dfn>object pointer</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="gcc"><TT>gcc</TT></a></DT><DD>n.The FSF's GNU C compiler.</DD><DT><a name="GNU">GNU</a></DT><DD>n.The FSF's ``GNU's Not Unix!'' project.</DD><DT><a name=".h file">.h file</a></DT><DD>n.A <a href="index.html#header file"><dfn>header file</dfn></a>.</DD><DT><a name="header file">header file</a></DT><DD>n.A file containing declarations and certain definitions,but <em>not</em> function bodies or global variable definitions,incorporated into a <a href="index.html#translation unit"><dfn>translation unit</dfn></a> during preprocessing via the <TT>#include</TT> directive.⌨️ 快捷键说明
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