stl_rope.h

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        // Unfortunately, it requires careful bookkeeping for the
        // nonGC case.
    _Rope_iterator(rope<_CharT,_Alloc>* __r, size_t __pos)
      : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>(__r->_M_tree_ptr, __pos),
        _M_root_rope(__r) 
       { _RopeRep::_S_ref(_M_root); if (!(__r -> empty()))_S_setcache(*this); }

    void _M_check();
  public:
    typedef _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>  reference;
    typedef _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>* pointer;

  public:
    rope<_CharT,_Alloc>& container() { return *_M_root_rope; }
    _Rope_iterator() {
        _M_root = 0;  // Needed for reference counting.
    };
    _Rope_iterator(const _Rope_iterator& __x) :
        _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>(__x) {
        _M_root_rope = __x._M_root_rope;
        _RopeRep::_S_ref(_M_root);
    }
    _Rope_iterator(rope<_CharT,_Alloc>& __r, size_t __pos);
    ~_Rope_iterator() {
        _RopeRep::_S_unref(_M_root);
    }
    _Rope_iterator& operator= (const _Rope_iterator& __x) {
        _RopeRep* __old = _M_root;

        _RopeRep::_S_ref(__x._M_root);
        if (0 != __x._M_buf_ptr) {
            _M_root_rope = __x._M_root_rope;
            *(static_cast<_Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>*>(this)) = __x;
        } else {
            _M_current_pos = __x._M_current_pos;
            _M_root = __x._M_root;
            _M_root_rope = __x._M_root_rope;
            _M_buf_ptr = 0;
        }
        _RopeRep::_S_unref(__old);
        return(*this);
    }
    reference operator*() {
        _M_check();
        if (0 == _M_buf_ptr) {
            return _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>(
               _M_root_rope, _M_current_pos);
        } else {
            return _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>(
               _M_root_rope, _M_current_pos, *_M_buf_ptr);
        }
    }
    _Rope_iterator& operator++() {
        _M_incr(1);
        return *this;
    }
    _Rope_iterator& operator+=(ptrdiff_t __n) {
        if (__n >= 0) {
            _M_incr(__n);
        } else {
            _M_decr(-__n);
        }
        return *this;
    }
    _Rope_iterator& operator--() {
        _M_decr(1);
        return *this;
    }
    _Rope_iterator& operator-=(ptrdiff_t __n) {
        if (__n >= 0) {
            _M_decr(__n);
        } else {
            _M_incr(-__n);
        }
        return *this;
    }
    _Rope_iterator operator++(int) {
        size_t __old_pos = _M_current_pos;
        _M_incr(1);
        return _Rope_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>(_M_root_rope, __old_pos);
    }
    _Rope_iterator operator--(int) {
        size_t __old_pos = _M_current_pos;
        _M_decr(1);
        return _Rope_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>(_M_root_rope, __old_pos);
    }
    reference operator[](ptrdiff_t __n) {
        return _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>(
          _M_root_rope, _M_current_pos + __n);
    }

    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend bool operator==
        (const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x,
         const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __y);
    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend bool operator<
        (const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x,
         const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __y);
    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend ptrdiff_t operator-
        (const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x,
         const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __y);
    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2> operator-
        (const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x,
         ptrdiff_t __n);
    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2> operator+
        (const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x,
         ptrdiff_t __n);
    template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
    friend _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2> operator+
        (ptrdiff_t __n,
         const _Rope_iterator<_CharT2,_Alloc2>& __x);
};

//  The rope base class encapsulates
//  the differences between SGI-style allocators and standard-conforming
//  allocators.

// Base class for ordinary allocators.
template <class _CharT, class _Allocator, bool _IsStatic>
class _Rope_alloc_base {
public:
  typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Allocator> _RopeRep;
  typedef typename _Alloc_traits<_CharT,_Allocator>::allocator_type
          allocator_type;
  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return _M_data_allocator; }
  _Rope_alloc_base(_RopeRep *__t, const allocator_type& __a)
        : _M_tree_ptr(__t), _M_data_allocator(__a) {}
  _Rope_alloc_base(const allocator_type& __a)
        : _M_data_allocator(__a) {}
  
protected:
  // The only data members of a rope:
    allocator_type _M_data_allocator;
    _RopeRep* _M_tree_ptr;

# define __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOC(_Tp, __name) \
        typedef typename \
          _Alloc_traits<_Tp,_Allocator>::allocator_type __name##Allocator; \
        _Tp* __name##_allocate(size_t __n) const \
          { return __name##Allocator(_M_data_allocator).allocate(__n); } \
        void __name##_deallocate(_Tp *__p, size_t __n) const \
                { __name##Allocator(_M_data_allocator).deallocate(__p, __n); }
  __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOCS(_Allocator)
# undef __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOC
};

// Specialization for allocators that have the property that we don't
//  actually have to store an allocator object.  
template <class _CharT, class _Allocator>
class _Rope_alloc_base<_CharT,_Allocator,true> {
public:
  typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Allocator> _RopeRep;
  typedef typename _Alloc_traits<_CharT,_Allocator>::allocator_type
          allocator_type;
  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(); }
  _Rope_alloc_base(_RopeRep *__t, const allocator_type&)
                : _M_tree_ptr(__t) {}
  _Rope_alloc_base(const allocator_type&) {}
  
protected:
  // The only data member of a rope:
    _RopeRep *_M_tree_ptr;

# define __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOC(_Tp, __name) \
        typedef typename \
          _Alloc_traits<_Tp,_Allocator>::_Alloc_type __name##Alloc; \
        typedef typename \
          _Alloc_traits<_Tp,_Allocator>::allocator_type __name##Allocator; \
        static _Tp* __name##_allocate(size_t __n) \
          { return __name##Alloc::allocate(__n); } \
        static void __name##_deallocate(_Tp *__p, size_t __n) \
          { __name##Alloc::deallocate(__p, __n); }
  __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOCS(_Allocator)
# undef __ROPE_DEFINE_ALLOC
};

template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
struct _Rope_base 
  : public _Rope_alloc_base<_CharT,_Alloc,
                            _Alloc_traits<_CharT,_Alloc>::_S_instanceless>
{
  typedef _Rope_alloc_base<_CharT,_Alloc,
                            _Alloc_traits<_CharT,_Alloc>::_S_instanceless>
          _Base;
  typedef typename _Base::allocator_type allocator_type;
  typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeRep;
        // The one in _Base may not be visible due to template rules.
  _Rope_base(_RopeRep* __t, const allocator_type& __a) : _Base(__t, __a) {}
  _Rope_base(const allocator_type& __a) : _Base(__a) {}
};    


/**
 *  This is an SGI extension.
 *  @ingroup SGIextensions
 *  @doctodo
*/
template <class _CharT, class _Alloc>
class rope : public _Rope_base<_CharT,_Alloc> {
    public:
        typedef _CharT value_type;
        typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
        typedef size_t size_type;
        typedef _CharT const_reference;
        typedef const _CharT* const_pointer;
        typedef _Rope_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc> iterator;
        typedef _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc> const_iterator;
        typedef _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc> reference;
        typedef _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc> pointer;

        friend class _Rope_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend class _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend struct _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend class _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend class _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend class _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>;
        friend struct _Rope_RopeSubstring<_CharT,_Alloc>;

    protected:
        typedef _Rope_base<_CharT,_Alloc> _Base;
        typedef typename _Base::allocator_type allocator_type;
        using _Base::_M_tree_ptr;
        typedef __GC_CONST _CharT* _Cstrptr;

        static _CharT _S_empty_c_str[1];

        static bool _S_is0(_CharT __c) { return __c == _S_eos((_CharT*)0); }
        enum { _S_copy_max = 23 };
                // For strings shorter than _S_copy_max, we copy to
                // concatenate.

        typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeRep;
        typedef _Rope_RopeConcatenation<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeConcatenation;
        typedef _Rope_RopeLeaf<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeLeaf;
        typedef _Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeFunction;
        typedef _Rope_RopeSubstring<_CharT,_Alloc> _RopeSubstring;

        // Retrieve a character at the indicated position.
        static _CharT _S_fetch(_RopeRep* __r, size_type __pos);

#       ifndef __GC
            // Obtain a pointer to the character at the indicated position.
            // The pointer can be used to change the character.
            // If such a pointer cannot be produced, as is frequently the
            // case, 0 is returned instead.
            // (Returns nonzero only if all nodes in the path have a refcount
            // of 1.)
            static _CharT* _S_fetch_ptr(_RopeRep* __r, size_type __pos);
#       endif

        static bool _S_apply_to_pieces(
                                // should be template parameter
                                _Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>& __c,
                                const _RopeRep* __r,
                                size_t __begin, size_t __end);
                                // begin and end are assumed to be in range.

#       ifndef __GC
          static void _S_unref(_RopeRep* __t)
          {
              _RopeRep::_S_unref(__t);
          }
          static void _S_ref(_RopeRep* __t)
          {
              _RopeRep::_S_ref(__t);
          }
#       else /* __GC */
          static void _S_unref(_RopeRep*) {}
          static void _S_ref(_RopeRep*) {}
#       endif


#       ifdef __GC
            typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT,_Alloc>* _Self_destruct_ptr;
#       else
            typedef _Rope_self_destruct_ptr<_CharT,_Alloc> _Self_destruct_ptr;
#       endif

        // _Result is counted in refcount.
        static _RopeRep* _S_substring(_RopeRep* __base,
                                    size_t __start, size_t __endp1);

        static _RopeRep* _S_concat_char_iter(_RopeRep* __r,
                                          const _CharT* __iter, size_t __slen);
                // Concatenate rope and char ptr, copying __s.
                // Should really take an arbitrary iterator.
                // Result is counted in refcount.
        static _RopeRep* _S_destr_concat_char_iter(_RopeRep* __r,
                                          const _CharT* __iter, size_t __slen)
                // As above, but one reference to __r is about to be
                // destroyed.  Thus the pieces may be recycled if all
                // relevant reference counts are 1.
#           ifdef __GC
                // We can't really do anything since refcounts are unavailable.
                { return _S_concat_char_iter(__r, __iter, __slen); }
#           else
                ;
#           endif

        static _RopeRep* _S_concat(_RopeRep* __left, _RopeRep* __right);
                // General concatenation on _RopeRep.  _Result
                // has refcount of 1.  Adjusts argument refcounts.

   public:
        void apply_to_pieces( size_t __begin, size_t __end,
                              _Rope_char_consumer<_CharT>& __c) const {
            _S_apply_to_pieces(__c, _M_tree_ptr, __begin, __end);
        }


   protected:

        static size_t _S_rounded_up_size(size_t __n) {
            return _RopeLeaf::_S_rounded_up_size(__n);
        }

        static size_t _S_allocated_capacity(size_t __n) {
            if (_S_is_basic_char_type((_CharT*)0)) {
                return _S_rounded_up_size(__n) - 1;
            } else {
                return _S_rounded_up_size(__n);
            }
        }
                
        // Allocate and construct a RopeLeaf using the supplied allocator
        // Takes ownership of s instead of copying.
        static _RopeLeaf* _S_new_RopeLeaf(__GC_CONST _CharT *__s,
                                          size_t __size, allocator_type __a)
        {
            _RopeLeaf* __space = typename _Base::_LAllocator(__a).allocate(1);
            return new(__space) _RopeLeaf(__s, __size, __a);
        }

        static _RopeConcatenation* _S_new_RopeConcatenation(
                        _RopeRep* __left, _RopeRep* __right,
                        allocator_type __a)
        {
            _RopeConcatenation* __space = typename _Base::_CAllocator(__a).allocate(1);
            return new(__space) _RopeConcatenation(__left, __right, __a);
        }

        static _RopeFunction* _S_new_RopeFunction(char_producer<_CharT>* __f,
                size_t __size, bool __d, allocator_type __a)
        {