bigstring18.asm

PIC全系列单片机的bootloader程序

	DB	"es faster to make lots of things to try. Then you have a competition so that the ones that succeed better in solving some proble"
	DB	"m, or faster, replace the ones that took longer. However, in real life I think that's the wrong thing. And evolution itself is s"
	DB	"crewy about this. The important thing is not to remember what led to success - or half of the thing you should remember is what "
	DB	"worked. The other half is what are the 100 most common mistakes. When I was training for a Ph.D. in mathematics, everyone unders"
	DB	"tood that in the mathematics world. If you hear a theorem, then you also want to know the 10 most likely ways that it won't appl"
	DB	"y. Of course a theorem is always true if the conditions are true, but if this was true for a compact set, is it also true for a "
	DB	"locally compact set, and if not where is the counter example that shows why that kind of reasoning breaks down.   What evolution"
	DB	" and genetic algorithms don't do -tell me if I'm wrong- is keep any record of why all those poor losers died. If it weren't for "
	DB	"a almost religious, superstitious worship of imitating genetics which took 600 million years, well, [] 400 million years, to get"
	DB	" to us from fish... You could say, boy, if [we] had kept some records of what went wrong and spent about the same amount of ener"
	DB	"gy on learning how to avoid bugs, maybe it would have taken only 5 million years instead of 400' Who knows' But I think people w"
	DB	"ho look at genetic algorithms and don't notice that they don't solve any problems that require deep thought should... I could go"
	DB	" on all day'   The other [point], finally, is one that will irritate more people. I don't like [the] use of statistical methods "
	DB	"for learning to distinguish between ambiguous words in language or learning behavior by changing probabilities and so forth. The"
	DB	" reason is that again, if the knowledge you store is stored as vectors of numbers, then that program might be good. Might get 95"
	DB	"% of what it's faced with. But the other 5% might be stuff that requires some reflection and deeper thought about the nature of "
	DB	"the problem. Now if your conclusions are expressed as meaningless vectors in some high dimensional vector space, there's no way "
	DB	"you can think about that, and no way for the program. So whenever I see a number in a learning program, I say that might be usef"
	DB	"ul now, but it's an intellectual dead-end. The simplest way to put it is if you see 12 as the sum of something, you've lost a lo"
	DB	"t of information. Because it might have been (3 + 9) or (4 + 8) or (5 + 7) and so on. Whenever you see a number, you should say "
	DB	"'how sad.' It's the most opaque thing in the world. That's why it's so useful. Because if you're counting things, you don't care"
	DB	" if they're dead people or broken plates - 6 dead things and that says it all.   People have reasons why computers don't really "
	DB	"think. They're all silly. The answer is we haven't programmed them right. But some people will say that they don't know the mean"
	DB	"ing of what they're doing. Meaning is something the computer can't have, so these are really different philosophers. A humanist "
	DB	"says they don't even know that they exist. They can't have goals. Yet another one will say they don't have consciousness, whatev"
	DB	"er that is (and I'll come to that). A sensible person says they just don't have much common sense. That's what we can fix. Here'"
	DB	"s a little example. As far as I know, no computer knows that you can use a string to pull and object, but not to push it. You pr"
	DB	"obably shouldn't eat string and if you tie a box with it, you should have put the stuff in it before. I added if you steal a str"
	DB	"ing, it's owner might be annoyed. But the point is, there are a whole lot of things you know about string. There's been only one"
	DB	" large project to do something about that, that's the famous Cyc project of Douglas Lenat in Austin. He's coming along, but if y"
	DB	"ou look at Cyc, it's still can't do any extensive amount of 5-year old type common sense reasoning. In particular it doesn't kno"
	DB	"w much about space. Knows a lot about time. There's also the theory of free will. I'll skip that.   So let's talk about consciou"
	DB	"sness for a minute. I can't discuss it much, but I just put a big essay on it on my web page. [] If you don't like something abo"
	DB	"ut it, I would love email about where you agree and disagree because I'm trying to make it so perfect that everybody will agree "
	DB	"with everything. At least I'm going to spend a few more weeks on it. But what the chapter maintains, among other things, is that"
	DB	" the reason consciousness has baffled so many people, especially physicists, is very simple: there isn't any such thing. Conscio"
	DB	"usness is a word that we use as a suitcase word. It's a word we use as a name for a dozen very hard problems about how the brain"
	DB	" or the mind works, which are quite different from one another. In fact, if you go to school, which you've all probably done, do"
	DB	" you remember anybody giving a little class where you talk about what is thinking and how does it work' As Seymour Pappert has p"
	DB	"ointed out... or what is learning. You probably heard one of those'   Have you heard the theory that to learn something you shou"
	DB	"ld do it in little bits and not stay up all night working on it' If that were true, there would be no computer games' [laughs, a"
	DB	"pplause] I visited my lab the other night and I was shocked to see nobody in it' It occurred to me that it may be near the end o"
	DB	"f its useful life' So consciousness is a suitcase word. One of the most important things is keeping some records of what you've "
	DB	"done recently so if something goes wrong, you can think about which of the things you did might have been wrong. That's the cred"
	DB	"it assignment problem that I believe will be necessary for genetic programming someday to work well. Making descriptions of thos"
	DB	"e events.   The rest of my lecture will emphasize how do you describe what happened. You need some way to represent it, some kin"
	DB	"d of data structure. I'll recommend five or six of them.   My thesis is that the two main reasons why AI hasn't made progress [i"
	DB	"s that] (1) [] people haven't tried to organize common sense knowledge. But the reason they couldn't is that they didn't know ho"
	DB	"w to represent it. People are always arguing, should I use a relational database' Should I represent it in the neural net' Shoul"
	DB	"d I represent it as a fuzzy logic set' Should I represent is as a bunch of axioms in mathematical logic' The answer to all of th"
	DB	"ose is 'no'. You should use all of them. Use neural net for things that depend on a whole lot of small inputs in a moderately ad"
	DB	"ditive, but not very interesting way... just weighting things. Use logic for something that depends on a few very important infl"
	DB	"uences. If you change the value of one of them, the whole thing won't work. If that's the kind of thing you'll make out of might"
	DB	"'s, ands and ors and so on.   I guess I shouldn't read the other ten' Making and using models of yourself, like revealing the co"
	DB	"urse of your ability to solve a problem. You might say well, maybe I need to take a course in this. Or if I don't get better at "
	DB	"this, my friends will hate me. Really if I did get better at this, I'd just be a nerd of some sort and my friends would hate me "
	DB	"even more. And so on. Hearing conversations in your mind. Making new goals.Adjusting your level of wakefulness, whatever that me"
	DB	"ans.   Back to learning. Recent discoveries in learning skills has revealed a very strange fact - suppose you work very hard on "
	DB	"something and then you're tested later that day on the same thing. It's interesting, you won't be much better. If you're tested "
	DB	"the next day, you may be a lot better. If you're tested the third day, you may be considerably better than you were on the secon"
	DB	"d day without having done the thing in between. Guess what's the largest factor in influencing to what extent that's true' It's "
	DB	"whether you got 8 hours of sleep or 6. Have you ever heard of such a thing' I never heard of it until last week when a sleep res"
	DB	"earcher named Robert Stickgold told me that this has been discovered in several places. In school when they teach you about thin"
	DB	"king or learning...and what's school for' It's not to learn about Inuit culture or Egyptian culture or algebra or geography or w"
	DB	"hatever' What you're really in school for is to learn about thinking and learning. As Pappert has pointed out many times, we kno"
	DB	"w so little about it - or the teachers do at least - that it's a taboo subject. You don't talk about it. That's because we don't"
	DB	" have good theories of things. Anyway if you read chapter E4 you'll see that I think I am on the track... E5 goes to more detail"
	DB	".   I have a theory of how to get a machine to do many of the things that go into this suitcase of consciousness. There will sti"
	DB	"ll be people who say yes, but you haven't gotten at the unified, central, solar spirit or magic of consciousness that explains a"
	DB	"ll those other things. My answer is go back to the Middle Ages or stop bothering me, I'm busy.   This is a diagram of the system"
	DB	" I ended up with, which has five layers of things including theaters which are places where you simulate in one way or another w"
	DB	"hat you think might happen if you were to do something. Here on the side where you can't see it... But some people will say but "
	DB	"consciousness...isn't that the central thing that's in control. That's another disaster. There isn't any central thing in contro"
	DB	"l. The anterior hypothalamus controls what happens if you're too cold or too hot. And the posterior hypothalamus does the opposi"
	DB	"te. Both of those little pieces of brain, which are very tiny, have about 10 heuristics. Like if you're too hot you will stretch"
	DB	" out and you'll start sweating. If you're smart, you'll go to an air-conditioned movie, using the higher, more reflective levels"
	DB	" of the mind. So what I'm saying is that what controls what you do is not centrally controlled. If some ferocious animal comes o"
	DB	"ver here, that's going to interrupt me and I'll react with some primitive alarm system or other. There are about 10 of those. Th"
	DB	"e human brain is a wonderful kluge that has built lots of different kinds of control systems. You shift from one to another, but"
	DB	" some of your common sense says what you can shift to. If the alarm isn't loud enough, maybe you'll think well this is a real em"
	DB	"ergency. If I don't get this done, I'll lose my job and whatever you're worried about.   Anyway the way this book starts is the "
	DB	"idea that the best way to look at the mind, at least when you start, is just think of it as a big cloud of different processes t"
	DB	"hat are connected. Each of them has some function, each of them depends on a few others. If you look at the brain, you'll see th"
	DB	"at there are about 400 brain centers. There's a lot that we can't see because there are families of cells that are common to man"
	DB	"y brain centers that are activated by separate busses. If you look in the brain, you'll see several hundred distinct large busse"
	DB	"s and in only a few cases do we know what those do. But each brain center typically connects to one, two or thirty different oth"
	DB	"er brain centers, and has almost no connections with the rest. So it's a big, complicated, highly evolved architecture. However "
	DB	"in the popular mind there are very popular theories like the mind is two parts - logic and intuition - or reason and emotion - o"
	DB	"r left brain versus right brain. That's a very popular one. But there's really no basis to it. It's true that there's more langu"
	DB	"age in the left brain in most people, but there are children with a certain kind of epilepsy who have to lose a hemisphere. I kn"
	DB	"ow a 9-year old who lost his entire right brain when he was 3 1/2 years old. He's a superior achiever in his class. He can't see"
	DB	" on one side of his visual field and his left hand isn't very good, but he's charming and sociable and makes great drawings. He'"
	DB	"s fine. So one should know that before you believe people.   One thing I emphasize a lot in this book is this idea of multiple r"
	DB	"epresentation. If you understand something very precisely in one way, say what does the word understand mean, what does meaning "
	DB	"mean' It's a difficult word because there's a kind of philosophical trouble with it. Here's what I think understanding is. [] Mo"
	DB	"st of you are too young to remember the new math where you were told about the empty set and that the number one is the set that"
	DB	" contains only the empty set and stuff like that. That that was the right way to define numbers. Of course numbers are also ways"
	DB	" of expressing the size of things and the importance of things. You use it in all different ways. So if you understand something"
	DB	" in only one way, then I claim you don't understand it at all in the following sense: you know it by rote. Maybe you have a sent"
	DB	"ence. Henrik Van Loon had a child in some story in a 19th century children's book. This child had learned that the Nile is the l"
	DB	"ongest river in the world. His teacher said what's the longest river in the world and he couldn't answer it. Then she prompted h"
	DB	"im 'the Nile is' and out it comes. So you would say that this child has memorized or learned by rote something, but he doesn't u"
	DB	"nderstand it. What's the point' If you have several representations of it, like if you think of the Nile as a river and maybe yo"
	DB	"u have a mental image of this river going much further than some other river, and you might have a optic image of swimming in an"
	DB	"d realizing you're never going to get to the end and you're going to die. Images like that are very good for helping you remembe"
	DB	"r stuff. So each of you probably has a dozen different ways to represent a river. There are some optic ones, things you use a ri"
	DB	"ver, there's the river as an obstacle that you need a tunnel or bridge to get across []. The point is that if you have 10 differ"
	DB	"ent meanings or representations of the river, then when you hear somebody talking about it you won't get stuck. You'll probably "
	DB	"get stuck, but in 30 milliseconds or less you'll say I've got the wrong representation and you scan through 5-10 of them and all"
	DB	" of a sudden, you know what they're talking about. This is why philosophers and very literal people have had trouble with words "
	DB	"like meaning and understanding because of this joke: if you understand something in just one way, then you don't functionally un"
	DB	"derstand it at all.   Throughout this book I use the idea of suitcase word, of saying that... now this isn't quite the same thin"
	DB	"g, but sometimes we don't understand something because we falsely assume that there's an 'it' there rather than a collection of,"
	DB	" or a network of interrelated processes. It's hard to put those in a definition, especially a logical one. So understanding mean"