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><A
NAME="ECOS-REF"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="AEN2"
>eCos Reference Manual</A
></H1
><P
CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</P
><DIV
CLASS="LEGALNOTICE"
><A
NAME="AEN17"
></A
><P
><B
>Documentation licensing terms</B
></P
><P
>This material may be distributed only subject to the terms
and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0
or later (the latest version is presently available at
<A
HREF="http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/</A
>).</P
><P
>Distribution of substantively modified versions of this
document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the
copyright holder.</P
><P
>Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any
standard (paper) book form is prohibited unless prior
permission is obtained from the copyright holder.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="LEGALNOTICE"
><A
NAME="AEN23"
></A
><P
><B
>Trademarks</B
></P
><P
>Altera® and Excalibur™ are trademarks of Altera Corporation.</P
><P
>AMD® is a registered trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.</P
><P
>ARM®, StrongARM®, Thumb®, ARM7™, ARM9™ is a registered trademark of Advanced RISC Machines, Ltd.</P
><P
>Cirrus Logic® and Maverick™ are registered trademarks of Cirrus Logic, Inc.</P
><P
>Cogent™ is a trademark of Cogent Computer Systems, Inc.</P
><P
>Compaq® is a registered trademark of the Compaq Computer Corporation.</P
><P
>Fujitsu® is a registered trademark of Fujitsu Limited.</P
><P
>IBM®, and PowerPC™ are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.</P
><P
>IDT® is a registered trademark of Integrated Device Technology Inc.</P
><P
>Intel®, i386™, Pentium®, StrataFlash® and XScale™ are trademarks of Intel Corporation.</P
><P
>Intrinsyc® and Cerf™ are trademarks of Intrinsyc Software, Inc.</P
><P
>Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. </P
><P
>Matsushita™ and Panasonic® are trademarks of the Matsushita Electric Industrial Corporation.</P
><P
>Microsoft®, Windows®, Windows NT® and Windows XP® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation, Inc. </P
><P
>MIPS®, MIPS32™ MIPS64™, 4K™, 5K™ Atlas™ and Malta™ are trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc.</P
><P
>Motorola®, ColdFire® is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.</P
><P
>NEC® V800™, V850™, V850/SA1™, V850/SB1™, VR4300™, and VRC4375™ are trademarks of NEC Corporation.</P
><P
>PMC-Sierra® RM7000™ and Ocelot™ are trademarks of PMC-Sierra Incorporated. </P
><P
>Red Hat, eCos™, RedBoot™, GNUPro®, and Insight™ are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. </P
><P
>Samsung® and CalmRISC™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Samsung, Inc. </P
><P
>Sharp® is a registered trademark of Sharp Electronics Corp.</P
><P
>SPARC® is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc., and is used under license by Sun Microsystems, Inc. </P
><P
>Sun Microsystems® and Solaris® are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. </P
><P
>SuperH™ and Renesas™ are trademarks owned by Renesas Technology Corp.</P
><P
>Texas Instruments®, OMAP™ and Innovator™ are trademarks of Texas Instruments Incorporated.</P
><P
>Toshiba® is a registered trademark of the Toshiba Corporation.</P
><P
>UNIX® is a registered trademark of The Open Group. </P
><P
>All other brand and product names, trademarks, and copyrights are the
property of their respective owners. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="LEGALNOTICE"
><A
NAME="AEN53"
></A
><P
><B
>Warranty</B
></P
><P
>eCos and RedBoot are open source software, covered by a
modified version of the <A
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"
TARGET="_top"
>GNU
General Public Licence</A
>,
and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain
conditions. See <A
HREF="http://ecos.sourceware.org/license-overview.html"
TARGET="_top"
>http://ecos.sourceware.org/license-overview.html</A
> for more information about the license.</P
><P
>eCos and RedBoot software have NO WARRANTY. </P
><P
>Because this software is licensed free of charge, there are no warranties
for it, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Except when otherwise stated
in writing, the copyright holders and/or other parties provide the software
“as is” without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and
fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance
of the software is with you. Should the software prove defective, you assume
the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.</P
><P
> In no event, unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or redistribute
the program as permitted above, be liable to you for damages, including any
general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use
or inability to use the program (including but not limited to loss of data
or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties
or a failure of the program to operate with any other programs), even if such
holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages.</P
></DIV
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>I. <A
HREF="kernel.html"
>The eCos Kernel</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-overview.html"
>Kernel Overview</A
> -- Overview of the eCos Kernel</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-smp.html"
>SMP Support</A
> -- Support Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-create.html"
>Thread creation</A
> -- Create a new thread</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-info.html"
>Thread information</A
> -- Get basic thread information</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-control.html"
>Thread control</A
> -- Control whether or not a thread is running</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-termination.html"
>Thread termination</A
> -- Allow threads to terminate</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-priorities.html"
>Thread priorities</A
> -- Examine and manipulate thread priorities</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-data.html"
>Per-thread data</A
> -- Manipulate per-thread data</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-thread-destructors.html"
>Thread destructors</A
> -- Call functions on thread termination</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-exceptions.html"
>Exception handling</A
> -- Handle processor exceptions</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-counters.html"
>Counters</A
> -- Count event occurrences</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-clocks.html"
>Clocks</A
> -- Provide system clocks</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-alarms.html"
>Alarms</A
> -- Run an alarm function when a number of events have occurred</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-mutexes.html"
>Mutexes</A
> -- Synchronization primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-condition-variables.html"
>Condition Variables</A
> -- Synchronization primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-semaphores.html"
>Semaphores</A
> -- Synchronization primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-mail-boxes.html"
>Mail boxes</A
> -- Synchronization primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-flags.html"
>Event Flags</A
> -- Synchronization primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-spinlocks.html"
>Spinlocks</A
> -- Low-level Synchronization Primitive</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-schedcontrol.html"
>Scheduler Control</A
> -- Control the state of the scheduler</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-interrupts.html"
>Interrupt Handling</A
> -- Manage interrupt handlers</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="kernel-characterization.html"
>Kernel Real-time Characterization</A
> -- Measure the performance of the eCos kernel</DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>II. <A
HREF="the-ecos-hardware-abstraction-layer.html"
>The eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="hal-introduction.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="hal-architecture-variant-and-platform.html"
>Architecture, Variant and Platform</A
></DT
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="hal-general-principles.html"
>General principles</A
></DT
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="hal-interfaces.html"
>HAL Interfaces</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-interfaces.html#HAL-BASE-DEFINITIONS"
>Base Definitions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-architecture-characterization.html"
>Architecture Characterization</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-interrupt-handling.html"
>Interrupt Handling</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-clocks-and-timers.html"
>Clocks and Timers</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-input-and-output.html"
>HAL I/O</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-cache-control.html"
>Cache Control</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-linker-scripts.html"
>Linker Scripts</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-diagnostic-support.html"
>Diagnostic Support</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-smp-support.html"
>SMP Support</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="hal-exception-handling.html"
>Exception Handling</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-exception-handling.html#HAL-STARTUP"
>HAL Startup</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-vectors-and-vsrs.html"
>Vectors and VSRs</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-default-synchronous-exception-handling.html"
>Default Synchronous Exception Handling</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-default-interrupt-handling.html"
>Default Interrupt Handling</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="hal-porting-guide.html"
>Porting Guide</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-guide.html#HAL-PORTING-INTRO"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-structure.html"
>HAL Structure</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-calling-if.html"
>Virtual Vectors (eCos/ROM Monitor Calling Interface)</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-coding-conventions.html"
>HAL Coding Conventions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-platform.html"
>Platform HAL Porting</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-variant.html"
>Variant HAL Porting</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="hal-porting-architecture.html"
>Architecture HAL Porting</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="hal-future-developments.html"
>Future developments</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>III. <A
HREF="libc.html"
>The ISO Standard C and Math Libraries</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="c-and-math-library-overview.html"
>C and math library overview</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c-and-math-library-overview.html#INCLUDE-NON-ISO-FUNCTIONS"
>Included non-ISO functions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="math-library-compatibility-modes.html"
>Math library compatibility modes</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="libc-implementation-details.html"
>Some implementation details</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="libc-thread-safety.html"
>Thread safety</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c-library-startup.html"
>C library startup</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>IV. <A
HREF="io.html"
>I/O Package (Device Drivers)</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="io-package-intro.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="io-user-api.html"
>User API</A
></DT
><DT
>11. <A
HREF="io-serial-driver-details.html"
>Serial driver details</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="io-serial-driver-details.html#IO-SIMPLE-SERIAL-DRIVER"
>Raw Serial Driver</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="io-tty-driver.html"
>TTY driver</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12. <A
HREF="io-how-to-write-a-driver.html"
>How to Write a Driver</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="io-how-to-write-a-driver.html#IO-HOW-TO-WRITE-SERIAL-INTERFACE-DRIVER"
>How to Write a Serial Hardware Interface Driver</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="io-serial-testing-with-serfilter.html"
>Serial testing with ser_filter</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>13. <A
HREF="devapi-device-driver-interface-to-the-kernel.html"
>Device Driver Interface to the Kernel</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-device-driver-interface-to-the-kernel.html#DEVAPI-INTERRUPT-MODEL"
>Interrupt Model</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-synchronization.html"
>Synchronization</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-smp-support.html"
>SMP Support</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-device-driver-models.html"
>Device Driver Models</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-synchronization-levels.html"
>Synchronization Levels</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="devapi-api.html"
>The API</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>V. <A
HREF="fileio.html"
>File System Support Infrastructure</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>14. <A
HREF="fileio-intro.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>15. <A
HREF="fileio-fstab.html"
>File System Table</A
></DT
><DT
>16. <A
HREF="fileio-mount-table.html"
>Mount Table</A
></DT
><DT
>17. <A
HREF="fileio-file-table.html"
>File Table</A
></DT
><DT
>18. <A
HREF="fileio-directories.html"
>Directories</A
></DT
><DT
>19. <A
HREF="fileio-synchronization.html"
>Synchronization</A
></DT
><DT
>20. <A
HREF="fileio-mounting.html"
>Initialization and Mounting</A
></DT
><DT
>21. <A
HREF="fileio-sockets.html"
>Sockets</A
></DT
><DT
>22. <A
HREF="fileio-select.html"
>Select</A
></DT
><DT
>23. <A
HREF="fileio-devices.html"
>Devices</A
></DT
><DT
>24. <A
HREF="fileio-writing.html"
>Writing a New Filesystem</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>VI. <A
HREF="io-pci.html"
>PCI Library</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>25. <A
HREF="ecos-pci-library.html"
>The eCos PCI Library</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="ecos-pci-library.html#PCI-LIBRARY"
>PCI Library</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="pci-library-reference.html"
>PCI Library reference</A
></DT
></DL
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