chardev.c

对linux内核编程做了详细的解析和举例

/* chardev.c 
 * 
 * Create an input/output character device
 */


/* Copyright (C) 1998-99 by Ori Pomerantz */



/* The necessary header files */

/* Standard in kernel modules */
#include <linux/kernel.h>   /* We're doing kernel work */
#include <linux/module.h>   /* Specifically, a module */

/* Deal with CONFIG_MODVERSIONS */
#if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS==1
#define MODVERSIONS
#include <linux/modversions.h>
#endif        

/* For character devices */

/* The character device definitions are here */
#include <linux/fs.h>       

/* A wrapper which does next to nothing at
 * at present, but may help for compatibility
 * with future versions of Linux */
#include <linux/wrapper.h>  

			     
/* Our own ioctl numbers */
#include "chardev.h"


/* In 2.2.3 /usr/include/linux/version.h includes a 
 * macro for this, but 2.0.35 doesn't - so I add it 
 * here if necessary. */
#ifndef KERNEL_VERSION
#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) ((a)*65536+(b)*256+(c))
#endif



#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
#include <asm/uaccess.h>  /* for get_user and put_user */
#endif



#define SUCCESS 0


/* Device Declarations ******************************** */


/* The name for our device, as it will appear in 
 * /proc/devices */
#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev"


/* The maximum length of the message for the device */
#define BUF_LEN 80

/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent 
 * concurent access into the same device */
static int Device_Open = 0;

/* The message the device will give when asked */
static char Message[BUF_LEN];

/* How far did the process reading the message get? 
 * Useful if the message is larger than the size of the 
 * buffer we get to fill in device_read. */
static char *Message_Ptr;


/* This function is called whenever a process attempts 
 * to open the device file */
static int device_open(struct inode *inode, 
                       struct file *file)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
  printk ("device_open(%p)\n", file);
#endif

  /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the 
   * same time */
  if (Device_Open)
    return -EBUSY;

  /* If this was a process, we would have had to be 
   * more careful here, because one process might have 
   * checked Device_Open right before the other one 
   * tried to increment it. However, we're in the 
   * kernel, so we're protected against context switches.
   *
   * This is NOT the right attitude to take, because we
   * might be running on an SMP box, but we'll deal with
   * SMP in a later chapter.
   */ 

  Device_Open++;

  /* Initialize the message */
  Message_Ptr = Message;

  MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;

  return SUCCESS;
}


/* This function is called when a process closes the 
 * device file. It doesn't have a return value because 
 * it cannot fail. Regardless of what else happens, you 
 * should always be able to close a device (in 2.0, a 2.2
 * device file could be impossible to close). */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
static int device_release(struct inode *inode, 
                          struct file *file)
#else
static void device_release(struct inode *inode, 
                           struct file *file)
#endif
{
#ifdef DEBUG
  printk ("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file);
#endif
 
  /* We're now ready for our next caller */
  Device_Open --;

  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
  return 0;
#endif
}



/* This function is called whenever a process which 
 * has already opened the device file attempts to 
 * read from it. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
static ssize_t device_read(
    struct file *file,
    char *buffer, /* The buffer to fill with the data */   
    size_t length,     /* The length of the buffer */
    loff_t *offset) /* offset to the file */
#else
static int device_read(
    struct inode *inode,
    struct file *file,
    char *buffer,   /* The buffer to fill with the data */ 
    int length)     /* The length of the buffer 
                     * (mustn't write beyond that!) */
#endif
{
  /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
  int bytes_read = 0;

#ifdef DEBUG
  printk("device_read(%p,%p,%d)\n",
    file, buffer, length);
#endif

  /* If we're at the end of the message, return 0 
   * (which signifies end of file) */
  if (*Message_Ptr == 0)
    return 0;

  /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
  while (length && *Message_Ptr)  {

    /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, 
     * not the kernel data segment, assignment wouldn't 
     * work. Instead, we have to use put_user which 
     * copies data from the kernel data segment to the 
     * user data segment. */
    put_user(*(Message_Ptr++), buffer++);
    length --;
    bytes_read ++;
  }

#ifdef DEBUG
   printk ("Read %d bytes, %d left\n",
     bytes_read, length);
#endif

   /* Read functions are supposed to return the number 
    * of bytes actually inserted into the buffer */
  return bytes_read;
}


/* This function is called when somebody tries to 
 * write into our device file. */ 
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file,
                            const char *buffer,
                            size_t length,
                            loff_t *offset)
#else
static int device_write(struct inode *inode,
                        struct file *file,
                        const char *buffer,
                        int length)
#endif
{
  int i;

#ifdef DEBUG
  printk ("device_write(%p,%s,%d)",
    file, buffer, length);
#endif

  for(i=0; i<length && i<BUF_LEN; i++)
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
    get_user(Message[i], buffer+i);
#else
    Message[i] = get_user(buffer+i);
#endif  

  Message_Ptr = Message;

  /* Again, return the number of input characters used */
  return i;
}


/* This function is called whenever a process tries to 
 * do an ioctl on our device file. We get two extra 
 * parameters (additional to the inode and file 
 * structures, which all device functions get): the number
 * of the ioctl called and the parameter given to the 
 * ioctl function.
 *
 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output 
 * is returned to the calling process), the ioctl call 
 * returns the output of this function.
 */
int device_ioctl(
    struct inode *inode,
    struct file *file,
    unsigned int ioctl_num,/* The number of the ioctl */
    unsigned long ioctl_param) /* The parameter to it */
{
  int i;
  char *temp;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
  char ch;
#endif

  /* Switch according to the ioctl called */
  switch (ioctl_num) {
    case IOCTL_SET_MSG:
      /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) 
       * and set that to be the device's message. */ 

      /* Get the parameter given to ioctl by the process */
      temp = (char *) ioctl_param;
   
      /* Find the length of the message */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
      get_user(ch, temp);
      for (i=0; ch && i<BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
        get_user(ch, temp);
#else
      for (i=0; get_user(temp) && i<BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
	;
#endif

      /* Don't reinvent the wheel - call device_write */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
      device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0);
#else
      device_write(inode, file, (char *) ioctl_param, i);
#endif
      break;

    case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
      /* Give the current message to the calling 
       * process - the parameter we got is a pointer, 
       * fill it. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
      i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); 
#else
      i = device_read(inode, file, (char *) ioctl_param, 
                      99); 
#endif
      /* Warning - we assume here the buffer length is 
       * 100. If it's less than that we might overflow 
       * the buffer, causing the process to core dump. 
       *
       * The reason we only allow up to 99 characters is 
       * that the NULL which terminates the string also 
       * needs room. */

      /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it 
       * will be properly terminated */
      put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param+i);
      break;

    case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
      /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and 
       * output (the return value of this function) */
      return Message[ioctl_param];
      break;
  }

  return SUCCESS;
}


/* Module Declarations *************************** */


/* This structure will hold the functions to be called 
 * when a process does something to the device we 
 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in 
 * the devices table, it can't be local to
 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. */
struct file_operations Fops = {
  NULL,   /* seek */
  device_read, 
  device_write,
  NULL,   /* readdir */
  NULL,   /* select */
  device_ioctl,   /* ioctl */
  NULL,   /* mmap */
  device_open,
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
  NULL,  /* flush */
#endif
  device_release  /* a.k.a. close */
};


/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
int init_module()
{
  int ret_val;

  /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
  ret_val = module_register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, 
                                 DEVICE_NAME,
                                 &Fops);

  /* Negative values signify an error */
  if (ret_val < 0) {
    printk ("%s failed with %d\n",
            "Sorry, registering the character device ",
            ret_val);
    return ret_val;
  }

  printk ("%s The major device number is %d.\n",
          "Registeration is a success", 
          MAJOR_NUM);
  printk ("If you want to talk to the device driver,\n");
  printk ("you'll have to create a device file. \n");
  printk ("We suggest you use:\n");
  printk ("mknod %s c %d 0\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME, 
          MAJOR_NUM);
  printk ("The device file name is important, because\n");
  printk ("the ioctl program assumes that's the\n");
  printk ("file you'll use.\n");

  return 0;
}


/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
void cleanup_module()
{
  int ret;

  /* Unregister the device */
  ret = module_unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
 
  /* If there's an error, report it */ 
  if (ret < 0)
    printk("Error in module_unregister_chrdev: %d\n", ret);
}