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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title> UNIX Tutorial Four </title><link href="unixtut1.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /><meta name="Copyright" content="Michael Stonebank, 1995" /></head><body><h1>UNIX Tutorial Four </h1><h2>4.1 Wildcards</h2><h3>The characters * and ?</h3><p>The character * is called a wildcard, and will match against none or more character(s) in a file (or directory) name. For example, in your <strong>unixstuff</strong> directory, type </p><p class="command"> % ls list*</p><p>This will list all files in the current directory starting with <strong>list....</strong> </p><p> Try typing </p><p class="command"> % ls *list</p><p>This will list all files in the current directory ending with <strong>....list</strong></p><p>The character ? will match exactly one character.<br /> So<samp> ls ?ouse </samp>will match files like <strong>house</strong> and <strong>mouse</strong>, but not <strong>grouse</strong>. <br /> Try typing </p><p class="command"> % ls ?list</p><h2>4.2 Filename conventions </h2><p>We should note here that a directory is merely a special type of file. So the rules and conventions for naming files apply also to directories. </p><p> In naming files, characters with special meanings such as <strong>/ * & %</strong> , should be avoided. Also, avoid using spaces within names. The safest way to name a file is to use only alphanumeric characters, that is, letters and numbers, together with _ (underscore) and . (dot). </p><p> File names conventionally start with a lower-case letter, and may end with a dot followed by a group of letters indicating the contents of the file. For example, all files consisting of C code may be named with the ending .c, for example, prog1.c . Then in order to list all files containing C code in your home directory, you need only type <samp>ls *.c</samp> in that directory. </p><p class="hint"> <strong>Beware</strong>: some applications give the same name to all the output files they generate. <br /> <br /> For example, some compilers, unless given the appropriate option, produce compiled files named <strong>a.out</strong>. Should you forget to use that option, you are advised to rename the compiled file immediately, otherwise the next such file will overwrite it and it will be lost. </p><h2>4.3 Getting Help</h2><h3>On-line Manuals</h3><p>There are on-line manuals which gives information about most commands. The manual pages tell you which options a particular command can take, and how each option modifies the behaviour of the command. Type man command to read the manual page for a particular command. </p><p> For example, to find out more about the <samp>wc</samp> (word count) command, type </p><p class="command"> % man wc </p><p> Alternatively </p><p class="command"> % whatis wc </p><p> gives a one-line description of the command, but omits any information about options etc. </p><h3>Apropos</h3><p>When you are not sure of the exact name of a command, </p><p class="command"> % apropos keyword </p><p> will give you the commands with keyword in their manual page header. For example, try typing </p><p class="command"> % apropos copy </p><h2>Summary </h2><table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td><code>*</code></td> <td>match any number of characters</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>?</code></td> <td>match one character</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>man <var>command</var></code></td> <td>read the online manual page for a command</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>whatis <var>command</var></code></td> <td>brief description of a command</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>apropos <var>keyword </var> </code></td> <td>match commands with keyword in their man pages</td> </tr></table><p> </p><p class="navbar"><a href="unix3.html"><img src="media/left.gif" alt="Previous" width="37" height="39" border="0" /></a> <a href="index.html"><img src="media/home.gif" alt="Home" width="81" height="39" border="0" /></a><a href="unix5.html"><img src="media/right.gif" alt="Next" width="37" height="39" border="0" /></a> </p><p class="date"> M.Stonebank@surrey.ac.uk, © 9th October 2000 </p></body></html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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