sio.3

牛顿插值方法求解多项式的系数

.\"(c) Copyright 1992, 1993 by Panagiotis Tsirigotis
.\"All rights reserved.  The file named COPYRIGHT specifies the terms 
.\"and conditions for redistribution.
.\"
.\" $Id: sio.3,v 1.1.1.1 2003/02/19 17:29:27 bbraun Exp $
.TH SIO 3X "29 May 1992"
.SH NAME
Sread, Sgetc, Srdline, Sfetch, Swrite, Sputc, Sprint, Sprintv, Sdone, Sundo, Stie, Suntie, Sflush, Sclose, Sbuftype, Smorefds, Sgetchar, Sputchar, SIOLINELEN - fast stream I/O
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
.ft B
#include "sio.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
.LP
.ft B
int Sread( fd, buf, nbytes )
int fd ;
char *buf ;
int nbytes ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sgetc( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
char *Srdline( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
char *Sfetch( fd, length )
int fd ;
long *length ;
.LP
.ft B
int Swrite( fd, buf, nbytes )
int fd ;
char *buf ;
int nbytes ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sputc( fd, c )
int fd ;
char c ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sprint( fd, format [ , ... ] )
int fd ;
char *format ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sprintv( fd, format, ap )
int fd ;
char *format ;
va_list ap ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sdone( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sundo( fd, type )
int fd ;
int type ;
.LP
.ft B
int Stie( ifd, ofd )
int ifd, ofd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Suntie( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sbuftype( fd, type )
int fd, type ;
.LP
.ft B
int Smorefds()
.LP
.ft B
int Sflush( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sclose( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sgetchar( fd )
int fd ;
.LP
.ft B
int Sputchar( fd, c )
int fd;
char c ;
.LP
.ft B
int SIOLINELEN( fd )
int fd ;
.SH DESCRIPTION
The \fISIO\fR library provides support
for \fIstream\fR I/O on file descriptors.
The first argument of every function
or macro is a file descriptor. The file descriptor may be used either for
input or for output but not both. Attempting to use a descriptor for
both input and output will cause the call to fail. When you are
done with using a file descriptor, you should inform \fISIO\fR
by invoking \fBSdone()\fR (unless the program is about to 
call \fIexit(3)\fR).
You can also use \fBSdone()\fR if
you want to perform a different type of operation on the same
file descriptor (e.g. first you were reading data from the file
descriptor and then you want to write some data).
Another possibility is to do stream I/O at different file offsets
by using \fBSdone()\fR before doing the \fBlseek(2)\fR to the
new file offset.
.LP
I/O operations on different file descriptors do not interfere
(unless the file descriptors refer to the same file, in which case
the results are undefined).
.LP
For disk files I/O always starts at the current file offset.
If that offset is not a multiple of the preferred block size for file
system I/O (the \fIst_blksize\fR field in \fIstruct stat\fR),
performance will not be optimal.
For optimal performance, it is recommended that no I/O operations
(like \fIread(2)\fR or \fIwrite(2)\fR)
are applied to the file descriptor if it is to be used by \fISIO\fR.
.LP
Read I/O is either buffered or is done using memory mapping whenever
that is possible and appropriate.
.LP
The library functions that do stream I/O resemble system calls
(for example \fBSread()\fR resembles \fIread(2)\fR) so that modifying
a program that uses the system calls to use the \fISIO\fR functions
is easy (e.g. just replace \fIread(2)\fR with \fBSread()\fR; the function
signatures as well as the return values are exactly the same).
.LP
.B Sread()
reads \fInbytes\fR bytes from the stream associated with file 
descriptor \fIfd\fR into the buffer pointed to by \fIbuf\fR.
.LP
.B Sgetc()
reads a character from the stream
associated with file descriptor \fIfd\fR.
It returns \fBSIO_EOF\fR if the end of file has been reached.
.LP
.B Sgetchar()
(a macro) performs exactly the same function as \fBSgetc()\fR but
it is much faster.
.LP
.B Srdline()
reads a line from the stream
associated with file descriptor \fIfd\fR.
The newline at the end of the line is replaced by a 0 byte. Lines
longer than the maximum line length supported by \fISIO\fR will
have characters deleted.
.LP
.B SIOLINELEN()
(a macro) returns the length of
the line returned by the last call to \fBSrdline()\fR
(the value returned by \fBSIOLINELEN()\fR is valid only after
\fBSrdline()\fR and as long as no other 
\fISIO\fR calls are performed on that file descriptor).
.LP
.B Sfetch()
returns a pointer to data coming from the stream
associated with file
descriptor \fIfd\fR. The amount of data available is indicated
by the \fIlength\fR argument. One possible use for this function
is copying of files.
.LP
.B Swrite()
writes \fInbytes\fR bytes to the stream associated with file
descriptor \fIfd\fR from the buffer pointed to by \fIbuf\fR.
.LP
.B Sputc()
writes a single character to the stream
associated with file descriptor \fIfd\fR.
.LP
.B Sputchar()
(a macro) performs exactly the same function as \fBSputc()\fR
but it is much faster.
.LP
.B Sprint()
imitates the behavior of printf(3) as defined in the
ANSI C Standard. There are some limitations. Check the \fBSprint()\fR
man page for more information.
.LP
.B Sprintv()
is the same as \fBSprint()\fR except that it takes a
\fIstdarg\fR argument list.
.LP
.B Sundo()
returns the characters returned by the last call to
\fBSrdline()\fR, \fBSgetc()\fR or \fBSgetchar()\fR to the stream
so that they can be reread. The \fItype\fR argument to \fBSundo()\fR
can be \fBSIO_UNDO_LINE\fR or \fBSIO_UNDO_CHAR\fR depending
on whether the call whose effect needs to be undone was
\fBSrdline()\fR or \fBSgetc()\fR/\fBSgetchar()\fR respectively.
There is no check on
whether the last function invoked on \fIfd\fR was one of the above
and the results are undefined if there is no correspondence
between the \fItype\fR and the last operation on \fIfd\fR.
(i.e. the result is undefined if you try \fBSIO_UNDO_CHAR\fR 
and the last operation was not \fBSgetchar()\fR or \fBSgetc()\fR).
.LP
.B Stie()
ties the file descriptor \fIifd\fR to the file descriptor \fIofd\fR.
This means that whenever a \fIread(2)\fR is done on \fIifd\fR, it is
preceded by a \fIwrite(2)\fR on \fIofd\fR.
For filters it is useful to do \fIStie( 0, 1 )\fR to maximize concurrency.
It is also useful to do the same thing when you issue prompts to the
user and you want the user reply to appear on the same line with the
prompt.
\fIifd\fR, \fIofd\fR  will be initialized for input, output respectively
(if any of them is initialized, it must be for the appropriate
stream type (input or output)).
If \fIifd\fR was tied to another file descriptor, the old tie is broken.
.LP
.B Suntie()
undoes the effect of \fBStie()\fR for the specified input file descriptor.
.LP
.B Sbuftype()
determines the buffering type for the output stream associated with
file descriptor \fIfd\fR.
By default output directed to terminals is line buffered, output
directed to file descriptor 2 (standard error) is unbuffered and
everything else is fully buffered.
Possible values for the \fItype\fR argument are
.RS
.TP 15
.B SIO_FULLBUF
for full buffering
.TP
.B SIO_LINEBUF
for line buffering
.TP
.B SIO_NOBUF
for no buffering
.RE
.LP
.B Smorefds()
should be used to inform \fBSIO\fR that the number of available file
descriptors has been increased. \fBSIO\fR uses an array of internal
stream descriptors which are indexed by the file descriptor number. Some
operating systems (ex. SunOS 4.1[.x]) allow the number of available
file descriptors to vary. If that number is increased beyond its initial
value \fBSIO\fR needs to know in order to allocate more stream descriptors.
.LP
.B Sdone()
flushes any buffered output for \fIfd\fR 
and releases the \fISIO\fR resources used. \fBSdone()\fR 
is useful in case the program needs to reprocess the
data of a file descriptor (assuming the file descriptor corresponds
to a file).  The program can call \fBSdone()\fR,
\fIlseek(2)\fR to the beginning of the file
and then proceed to reread the file.
.LP
.B Sflush()
causes any buffered stream output to be written to the
file descriptor. If its argument is the special value \fBSIO_FLUSH_ALL\fR
then all output streams will be flushed.
.LP
.B Sclose()
closes a file descriptor used for stream I/O, flushes
any buffered output and releases the \fISIO\fR resources used.
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
The following code implements a (poor) substitute for the tee command
(it copies standard input to a file as well as to standard output).
.ne 10
.RS
.nf
.ft B
#include "sio.h"
.sp .5
main( argc, argv )
	int argc ;
	char *argv[] ;
{
	char *file = (argc > 1) ? argv[ 1 ] : "tee.file" ;
	int fd = creat( file, 0644 ) ;
	long length ;
	char *s ;
.sp .5
	while ( s = Sfetch( 0, &length ) )
	{
		Swrite( 1, s, length ) ;
		Swrite( fd, s, length ) ;
	}
	exit( 0 ) ;
}
.fi
.ft R
.RE
.SH RETURN VALUES
.LP
.B Sread()
returns the number of bytes read on success
(0 means end-of-file)
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sgetc()
returns the character read on success,
SIO_EOF when the end-of-file is reached,
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Srdline()
returns a pointer to the next line on success.
On failure or when the end-of-file is reached it returns
.SM NULL.
If the end-of-file is reached \fIerrno\fR is set to 0, otherwise it indicates
the error.
.LP
.B Sfetch()
returns a pointer to file data on success.
(the \fIlength\fR argument indicates how many bytes
are available).
On failure or when the end-of-file is reached it returns
.SM NULL.
If the end-of-file is reached \fIerrno\fR is set to 0, otherwise it indicates
the error.
.LP
.B Swrite()
returns the number of bytes written on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sputc()
returns the character it was given as an argument on success
.B Sprint()
returns the number of characters printed on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sdone()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sundo()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Stie()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Suntie()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure
(\fIerrno\fR is set to \fBEBADF\fR if there
was no tied file descriptor).
.LP
.B Sbuftype()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure
(\fIerrno\fR is set to \fBEBADF\fR if this is not an output stream
or to \fBEINVAL\fR if an unknown \fItype\fR is specified).
.LP
.B Smorefds()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (because of lack of memory).
.LP
.B Sflush()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sclose()
returns \fB0\fR on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sgetchar()
returns the character read on success,
SIO_EOF when the end-of-file is reached,
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B Sputchar()
returns the character it was given as an argument on success
or \fBSIO_ERR\fR on failure (\fIerrno\fR is set to indicate the error).
.LP
.B SIOLINELEN()
returns the length of the last line read by \fBSrdline()\fR.
.LP
Attempting a read operation on a descriptor opened for writing or vice
versa will cause the operation to fail with \fIerrno\fR set to \fBEBADF\fR.
.LP
The first \fISIO\fR operation on a descriptor must be a read or write
operation. It cannot be a control operation (like \fBSflush()\fR). Such
an operation will fail with \fIerrno\fR set to \fBEBADF\fR.
.LP
.IP "\fBNOTE 1:\fR" 15
\fBStie()\fR is an input/output operation for the
respective file descriptors, not a control operation. \fBSuntie()\fR
is a control operation.
.IP "\fBNOTE 2:\fR"
\fBSIO_ERR\fR is defined to be \fB-1\fR.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.LP
Sprint(3)
.SH BUGS
.LP
If the operating system does not provide for invocation of a
finalization function upon exit, the program will have to
explicitly flush all output streams.
The following operating systems provide such a facility:
SunOS 4.x, Ultrix 4.x.
.LP
Socket file descriptors can be used for input as well as output but
\fBSIO\fR does not support this.
.LP
The current implementation will not try to use memory mapping to
read a file if the file offset is not 0 (it will use buffered I/O instead).
.LP
Pointers returned by \fBSfetch()\fR point to read-only memory.
Attempting to modify this memory will result in a segmentation
violation.