computer chrime - current practices, problems and proposed so.txt

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          have been developed in South Africa,  which destroys a computer's


          file allocation table. Id.
                                 Id.


















               Some viruses also  carry a message when  they are activated.


          A  virus that is  though to  have been  developed by  students at


          Wellington, New  Zealand,  tells the  user  that they  have  been


          "stoned" and requests that marijuana should be legalized.  Id.
                                                                     Id.


               Approximately 80  or 90 of  the 300 viruses counted  for the


          IBM  personal computer originated in Bulgaria according to Morton


          Swimmer of Germany's Hamburg University Virus Test Center.




          23.  A report in  La Liberation, a French  newspaper, stated that
                            La Liberation


          computer viruses  could be planted  in French EXOCET  missiles to


          misguide  them  when  fired.    La  Liberation,  Jan.  10,  1991,


          reprinted in  Klaus Brunnstein,  Risks-Forum, vol.  10, iss.  78,
          reprinted in


          Jan. 22  1991 (available at American Journal of International Law


          and Policy Office).

          24.  A  "trojan horse"  is a  program that  does not  seem to  be


          infected, however,  when used  in a computer,  the virus  is then


          transferred  the uninfected machine.   On trojan  horse destroyed


          168,000 files in Texas.  Commitment to Security, 34 (1989).

          25.  Ring, Computer Viruses; Once Revered as Hackers, Technopaths
                     Computer Viruses; Once Revered as Hackers, Technopaths
















          Threaten  Security of  Computer-Dependent Society,  ComputerGram,
          Threaten  Security of  Computer-Dependent Society


          July 7, 1989.

          26.  Highland, One Wild  Computer "Worm" Really Isn't  a  Federal
                         One Wild  Computer "Worm" Really Isn't  a  Federal


          Case, Newsday, Jan. 23, 1990, 51.
          Case

          27.  Stoll, at 346.   The amount of computers  that were actually


          infected by the worm  is still the subject of debate.   Mr. Stoll


          estimates that  2,000 computers  where infected,  while the  most


          commonly  cited  number is  6,000.   Commitment  to  Security, 34


          (1989).    The 6,000  estimate  was  based  on  an  Massachusetts


          Institute of Technology estimate that 10 percent of the  machines


          at the school  were infected and was  then inferred to  the total


          number  of  machines  across  the  country  that  were  affected.


          General Accounting  Office, Computer  Security: Virus  Highlights


          Need for Improved  Internet Management, 17  (1989).  This  number


          may be inaccurate  because not all locations had  the same amount


          of vulnerable machines. Id.
                                  Id.

          28.       For the  first  eight months  of  1988, there  were 800


          incidents  concerning computer  viruses. Commitment  to Security,


          34.  The Computer  Virus Industry  Association  reported that  96
















          percent of  these reported infections were incorrectly identified


          as viruses. Id.
                      Id.

          29.   Robinson, Virus Protection  for Network Users,   Washington


          Post, Washington Business, p.44, Feb. 11, 1991.

          30.  Ross,  Hacking   Away  at  the   Counterculture,  3   (1990)


          (available at the  American University  Journal of  International


          Law  and Policy).  On Saturday Night Live, during the news update


          segment, Dennis Miller stated, in comparing a computer viruses to


          the   AIDS  virus,  "Remember,  when  you  connect  with  another


          computer, you're connecting  to every computer that  computer has


          ever been connected to."  Id.
                                    Id.

          31.  Id. at 8-9.
               Id.

          32.  Computer Virus Legislation, Hearing on  H.R. 55 and H.R. 287


          before the Subcomm. on Criminal Justice of the House Comm. on the


          Judiciary, 100th  Cong., 1st Sess.  49 (1989) (statement  of Marc


          Rotenberg,   Director,   Computer    Professionals   for   Social


          Responsibility).   In Israel,  Hebrew University used  a computer


          virus to  detect and  destroy a virus  that would  have destroyed


          data files. Id.
                      Id.

















          33.  Computergram International, October 14, 1990.

          34.

          35.  Watts, Fears of Computer Virus Attack from East Europe grow,
                      Fears of Computer Virus Attack from East Europe grow


          The Independent, November 24, 1990, p.6.   On a trip to Bulgaria,


          a British computer consultant  returned with 100 viruses  that do


          not exist in the West. Id.
                                 Id.

          36.  Id.

          37.  McGourty, When a Hacker Cracks the Code, The Daily Telegraph
                         When a Hacker Cracks the Code


          (London), October 22, 1990, p. 31.

          38.  The equipment would cost about 50 (British) pounds. Id.
                                                                   Id.

          39.  Id.   A British company, has stated that they have developed
               Id.


          a glass that  will reduce this problem.   Tieman, Spy-Proof Glass


          to Beat the Hackers, The (London) Times, Jan 17, 1991.


               A  more  recent  problem concerns  the  ability  of computer


          hackers to access into fax  machines and either change or reroute


          information from the machine. Becket, Espionage fears mounting as
                                                Espionage fears mounting as


          hackers tap into faxes, The Daily Telegraph (London), December 1,
          hackers tap into faxes


          1990,  p. 23.  This problem  can be  circumvented by  the  use of


          encryption devices or passwords on the machine.  Id.
                                                           Id.

          40.  Stoll  at 9.  The  word itself originally had  two meanings.

















          People originally called themselves hackers were software wizards


          who thoroughly knew computer systems.  Id.  In U.S. v. Riggs, 739
                                                         U.S. v. Riggs


          F. Supp. 414, 423 (N.D. Ill.  1990) the court defined hackers  as


          "individuals involved  with the  unauthorized access  of comp