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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Internet Architecture, Network Concepts and Facts</TITLE>
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<P align=center><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=#999999
size=1>================================================</FONT><FONT
face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2><BR><B><FONT
color=#ffffff>Internet Architecture, Network Concepts and
Facts<BR></FONT></B></FONT><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"
color=#999999
size=1>================================================<BR></FONT>
<FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"
color=#999999
size=2>Written by <a href="mailto:rammal81@hotmail.com">Mikkkeee</a><br>
For<br>
<a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/">http://blacksun.box.sk/</a><br>
and <br>
<a href="http://www.securitywriters.org">http://www.securitywriters.org</a></FONT></FONT></P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"
size=2><BR><BR><FONT
color=#ffffff><B>OverView<BR></B></FONT><FONT color=#999999
size=1>==========<BR></FONT>------------------------------------------------------<BR><BR><FONT
color=#ffffff><B>1. <a href="#summary">Short
summary on the history of the Internet (boring yet
vital)</a><BR><BR></B></FONT></FONT><B><FONT
face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=#ffffff size=2>2.<a href="#jargon"> Internet
Protocols and Jargon </a> <BR><BR>3. <a href="#host">Host
Machines and Host Names</a><BR><BR>4. <a href="#packet">Architecture
of the Internet and Packet Switching</a><BR><BR>5. <a href="#band">Synchronous
and Asynchronous Communication</a><BR><BR>6. <a href="#charge">Who
is in Charge? (boring yet vital)</a><BR><BR>7. <a href="#future">The
future of the Internet</a><BR><BR>8. <a href="#read">Further
reading </a> <BR><BR></FONT></B><FONT
face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"
size=2>------------------------------------------------------<BR><BR></FONT><FONT
face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2><BR>This text won't make you
an elite hacker or a cracker, but will clear up many misunderstandings you might
have about the Internet and the way it is structured. Okay before you start
reading, i will be summarizing most of this info because many other tutorials
have been written in detail explaining the sections presented. This is just
another way to say, IAM NOT GOING TO WASTE MY TIME TYPING. So i see you have
downloaded this text to learn more about the wonderful tool the world has ever
seen, but do you really understand the juicy info behind the Internet? Well
after reading this you will!<BR><BR><BR><FONT color=#ffffff><B><A
name=summary></A>1: Summary on the history of the Internet (boring yet
vital)<BR></B></FONT><B></B><BR><BR>Well every place i go i keep hearing ppl
saying things like i was chatting, or i sent him/her an email, or i was checking
his site on the INTERNET. Now when you are asked what is the Internet? you
reply, Well the Internet is like a program i write a www.blahblah.com and i see
stuff and i download it, not hard, probably took days to do, well someone is
wrong, heheheh.<BR><BR>The Internet is a global assemblage of more than 20
million computers and growing in rapid intercommunication. These forms of
communication links are made up of optical fibers, digital cables, satellite
transmissions, and yup you guessed it, telephone lines. The Internet can be
described in three terms, the hardware infrastructure that supports it, the
software that powers it, and the people who populate it. <BR><BR>When the
Internet began, until the early 90s, the only guys who used it weren't normal
ppl, but they were the scientists, academics, science students and the real deal
computer programmers who were pursuing long-distance collaborations and
research. The Internet isn't something that just popped out of nowhere, it has
been around for decades, but was something overlooked by the media until 1990.
Well the origin of the Internet dates back to 1970, when four computers, yes
four, one each at The University of California at Los Angeles, The University of
California at Santa Barbara, The Stanford Research Institute, and The University
of Utah at Salt Lake City were hooked up over phone lines. <BR><BR>From the
first four computers that powered the first Internet, 13 years later 562 boxes
were connected to it in 1983, and by 1993 that number has reached 1.2 million
and in 1996 it was 12 million, and this number remains doubling every 12-14
months. One critical component underlying today's Internet is the software that
supports network communications. In the Internets's beginning dayz, the software
that powered the networks wasn't user friendly, they didn't have fancy crap with
popup menus and fancy Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), they had cryptic programs
which looked like hell for normal people. One reason for this is because the
only people who used the net were scientists who didn't care about user friendly
interfaces. The software they designed was difficult, which hindered the
popularity of the net. <BR><BR>The first tools that these cool guys made that
innovated the Internet were, Telnet, yup the good old telnet, which was made in
1969 and second, the File Transfer Protocol (ftp), which was made in 1971 and is
still in great use today. (i wasn't born yet, heh) Other popular communication
programs have also evolved with the Internet, which are know by the names of:
Usenet Newsgroups, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Gophers, and Multi-user Dungeons
(MUD's).<BR><BR><BR><B><FONT color=#ffffff><A name=jargon></A>2: Internet
Protocols and Jargon (what those 3 letter words mean)</FONT></B> <BR><BR><BR>We
computer guys tend to speak in acronyms, small words that have a lot of valuable
info. Acronyms are ubiquitous on the Internet, and all this wonder will be
explained here. <BR><BR>Many Internet acronyms involve a "P" letter. Lets look
at these, we have, SLIP, TCP, UDP, FTP, ICMP, SMTP, HTTP, PPP, IP, and Mikkkeee
(only playing). Okay now you have witnessed the confusion, what does all this
stuff mean. All of them stand for the word "protocol." So when ever you see a
"P" at the end of a computer acronym, there is a big chance its stands for
protocol. Now the tough part is what is this protocol? Well a protocol in
computer science just refers to formalities and conventions observed by
computers during cross computer communication. So its just like this, in order
for boxes to share data, each box must use the same data transfer rules, or we
won't have communication. Just like the old dayz when ppl used the telegraph,
which communicated through the communication protocol called the Morse code.
Then came the Ham radio operators who also had their protocols and now we have
the Internet, which also needs its little protocols. <BR><BR>(Now I am not going
to kill you via boredom by explain the concept of protocols because they are
already explained by the tutorials found at BSRF, but i will sprinkle the
sprinkles on the cake.) <BR><BR>The Internet Protocol (IP) is the cornerstone
for all Internet communications. In fact, you can see if a box is alive (on the
net) by asking for its IP, yah not going far as to doing something lame as
DoSing the box! Now each computer on the Internet has a unique IP number that
operates as its Internet address. When we say that there are 20 million
computers on the Internet, that figure is really based on the number of IP
addresses in use in that year. <BR><BR>As you have begun to browser the net, or
start your mission in becoming a hacker, you will most likely come across some
reference to the Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP). TCP is
nothing to be feared, it works closely with IP in order to prepare packets of
data before an Internet data transfer. TCP also interprets those same packets at
the receiving end after the transfer. <BR><BR>Additional protocols are also used
to power the net. These are, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which moves filz
from one computer to another. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) designed
in 1982 to support e-mail communications. The HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), made in 1990 so that web browsers could read documents on the
web.<BR><BR>The Point-to-point protocol (PPP) and the Serial Line Internet
Protocol (SLIP), which generally are terms used if you need to set up access to
the Internet over a telephone line through an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
These protocols are used when a computer wants to communicate over the Internet,
over a serial transmission line, like an analog telephone line, and the user
wants to use a browser such as Internet Explorer. So his isp will offer a ppp or
a slip account to the users who want to view graphics on the net. (Now you might
have noticed that I didn't go in depth but for further information on protocols
check out the tuts at bsrf for further info.) <BR><BR><BR><B><FONT
color=#ffffff><A name=host></A>3: Host Machines and Host
Names<BR></FONT></B><FONT color=#ffffff></FONT><BR><BR>Now to gain good
knowledge on how the net works you will need to know something about host
machines/host names. <BR><BR>Now a computer that has been assigned an IP address
is called a HOST MACHINE. Each IP address is made up of four integers separated
by periods. Lets take an example, my ip on the net yesterday was 150.211.39.128
just like zip codes tell a person where you live, IP addresses reveal not your
geographical info, but your computer network's info. Now the numbers to the
furthermost part to the left represent the large part of the Internet, while the
numbers to the further part of the right represent a specific host machine.
<BR><BR>While all these numbers are fine for computer communications, long
strings of numbers are not easy for us to remember so that's why we have
substituted the long strings of numbers into symbolic names. Symbolic names look
like this www.yahoo.com, which is easier to remember. Symbolic host names are
always converted into their IP addresses for the purpose of network
communications. The Domain Name Service (DNS) is responsible for this task of
mapping symbolic names to their numerical equivalents, and symbolic host names
are often called DNS names or addresses. Lets look at an example, DNS names,
follow certain naming conventions that help us remember the names easily. so we
have <BR><BR></FONT></P><PRE><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>
" blah.cs.NYU.edu "
| | | |
| | | |---> this segment refers to an educational site.
| | |--------> this part stands for the school, here its NYU University.<BR> | |-------------> this stands for Computer Science Department.
|-----------------> this stands for the name of the machine.
</FONT></PRE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>ohh one more thing,
sometimes lamers talk about "HIGH LEVEL DOMAIN NAMES" so they think they are so
smart well they are only referring to the final part of the full domain name.
This means a high level domain name identifies the type of site and where the
host machine resides. Here is a
list:<BR><BR><BR>-------------------------------------------<BR>.com = a
commercial organization<BR>.edu = an educational site<BR>.org = a nonprofit
organization <BR>.net = a network site<BR>.gov = a government agency<BR>.mil = a
military site <BR><BR>These high level domain names can in many cases be
followed by other suffixes, that will identify their geographical location by
country. This list is very small, (ahh again a complete list can be found at
BSRF) blahblah.net.lk = Sri Lanka blahblah.net.il = Isreal blahblah.net.gb =
Great Britain okay that's
enough!<BR>-------------------------------------------<BR><BR><BR><B><FONT
color=#ffffff><A name=packet></A>4: Architecture of the Internet and Packet
Switching <BR></FONT></B><FONT color=#ffffff></FONT><BR><BR>Well while you
browse the Internet you might think every computer on it is equal well your
wrong, not all computers are equal. Well to understand what i mean i have to
explain to you how data gets moved across the Internet by PACKET
SWITCHING.<BR><BR>In order to understand packet switching you will have to
understand what packet switching tries to achieve. When the Department of
Defense was paying for the original network research that led to the Internet,
they wanted a strong network that could withstand regional power blackouts or
other problems. So in order to achieve such a robust communication, it was vital
to design a transmission protocol that could readily find new routes if its
destination was dead for some reason. So those guys came up with a cool plan to
design a form of DYNAMIC ROUTING, which will become the standard means of moving
data across the network. Dynamic Routing just means that routes for data are
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