📄 c++ tutorial by clayman.html
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</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> This line simply
tells the computer that the iostream library is needed therefore it should
be included. A library is a collection of program code that can be included
(and used) in a program to perform a variety of tasks. iostream is a library
- also called as a header file, look at its extension - used to perform input/output
(I/O) stream tasks. There are a lot of non-commercial C++ libraries for various
purposes written by good guys who spent more than enough time in front of
their computers. You can find them at code.box.sk. Also references to all
libraries used in the tutorials can be found on the net.<br>
</font> <br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">2.5. Functions</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The next line in the program was:<br>
</font> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"> int main()<br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Which is the
header of the main function. Makes sense? No? A function is a set of statements
that accomplish a task. A function header includes the return type of the
function and the function name. As shown in the main() header, main returns
an integer(int) through return(0). So all the functions that have an integer
as the return type returns integers. Very clear. The statements in a function
(in this case the main function) are enclosed in curly braces. The { and }
symbols indicates the beginning and the end of statements. More on functions
later.<br>
</font> <br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">2.6. Streams</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> What is a stream?
In C++ input/output devices are called streams. cout (we used above) is the
c(onsole) out(put) stream, and the send (insertion) operator is used to send
the data "We own you" into the stream. In the first statement:<br>
</font> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"> cout<<"We own you";<br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> The words following
the << operator are put in quotation marks(") to form a string. When
run, the string We own you is sent to the console output device. Yes, it is
also called the computer screen.<br>
</font> <br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">Important note: C++ is case sensitive. That
means cout and Cout is not the same thing.</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
<br>
<strong>2.7. Return</strong><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The second statement was:<br>
</font> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"> return(0);<br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">which causes the program to terminate
sending the value 0 to the computer. The value "0" indicates that the program
terminated without error.<br>
</font> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Note:</b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
The statements end with a semicolon (;). A semicolon in C++ indicate the end
of a statement.</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><br>
<a name=datandnumsystems><strong>3. DATA & NUMBER SYSTEMS</strong></a><br>
<br>
<strong>3.1. Decimals</strong><br>
<br>
</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
The base 10 number system. Uses 10 digits: 0 to 9. Numbers raised to the zero
power is equal to one. For example: 5 to the power 0 = 1. Base ten equivalent
of the number <br>
</font> <br>
2600 = 2 x (10 to the power 3) + 6 x (10 to the power
2)<br>
33 = 3 x (10 to the power 1) + 3 x (10 to the power 0)<br>
<br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">3.2. Binaries</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> The base 2 number
system. Uses 2 digits : 0 and 1. Works the same as base 10 except we multiply
numbers by the powers of 2 instead. For example 110 is equal to 6 in base
10:<br>
</font> <br>
110 = 1 x (2 to the power 2) + 1 x (2 to the power 1) =
6(base10)<br>
<br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">3.3. Hexadecimal</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> The base 16 number
system. Uses 16 digits. 0 to 9 & "A" to "F". Works the same as base 10
& base two except the numbers are multiplied by the powers of 16 instead:<br>
</font> <br>
1B = 1 x (16 to the power 1) + 2(B) x (16 to the power of
0) = 30(base10)<br>
</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"><a name=exercises><strong>4. EXERCISES</strong></a><br>
<br>
<strong>4.1. Running</strong><br>
<br>
</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Find
& install a compiler, type the example program and run it. Pretty simple
but be sure the syntax is correct.<br>
</font> <br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">4.2. Typing</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Make a program
which displays your name without looking to this tutorial. Makes you learn
a lot better.<br>
</font> <br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">4.3. Converting</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Convert these to decimals
: 110101, 001101, 10101110<br>
Convert these to hexadecimals : 234, 324,
19394<br>
Convert these to binaries
: 2F, 1B3, 234, 125<br>
</font> <br>
<br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"><a
name=whatnow><strong>5. WHAT NOW?</strong></a><br>
<br>
<strong>5.1. Good programming related sites</strong><br>
</font> <br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Here are a few good sites about
programming:<br>
</font> </font></p>
<div align="left">
<table border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="252"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="http://code.box.sk/">http://code.box.sk</a></font></td>
<td width="688"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-->
Very good content. Has message boards.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="252"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="http://www.borland.com/">http://www.borland.com</a></font></td>
<td width="688"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-->
Free, shareware & commercial compilers.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="252"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="http://www.cprogramming.com/">http://www.cprogramming.com</a></font></td>
<td width="688"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-->
Some original tuts.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="252"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="http://www.planet-source-code.com/">http://www.planet-source-code.com</a></font></td>
<td width="688"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-->
One of the biggest code archive.</font></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">5.2. Good books on C++</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> </font></p>
<div align="left">
<table border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td height=20
width="500"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><strong>Printed:</strong></font></td>
<td height=20 width="56%"></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="500"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0135289106/thetomegamingsit">C++
- How to Program</a></font></td>
<td width="56%"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">One
of the best books written on C. Great for all levels of programming.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="500" height="19"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0078824761/thetomegamingsit">C++:
The complete reference</a></font></td>
<td width="56%"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">An
overall C++ & STL reference</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="500"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879233916/thetomegamingsit">A
Guide to Programming in C++, Lawrenceville Press</a></font></td>
<td width="56%"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">My
first book on C++, "borrowed" lots of definitions from there :)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="500"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><strong><br>
Online books:</strong></font></td>
<td width="56%"></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#000000">
<td width="500" height="7"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Thinking
in C++ is nearly the best one on C++, a must-read.</font></td>
<td width="56%" height="7"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">You
can find many online netbooks from <a
href="http://code.box.sk/">code.box.sk </a></font></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><br>
<font color="#FFFFFF"><strong>Thanks to:</strong><br>
<br>
</font> -->Cube, to provide such valuable information in the <a
href="http://www.boxnetwork.net/">boxnetwork</a> sites.<br>
-->all guys at Neworder's Message board, for asking tutorials.<br>
<br>
<strong><font color="#FFFFFF">Ke Bea(!?) to:</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> -->all friends in the Koch Part-time Prison.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">END
OF TUTORIAL</font></strong><font color="#FFFFFF"><br>
</font> If you want to add something or modify the tutorial in any way please
e-mail me first: <a
href="mailto:clayman@boxnetwork.net">clayman@boxnetwork.net</a>. Feel
free to distribute this as you wish.<br>
<br>
</font></p>
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