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  computer.</p>
<p> There are three major types of motherboards. They are at, atx, and proprietary. 
  You will only mostly deal with at and atx. There are four main buses on the 
  motherboard. They are power bus, address bus, data bus, and a control bus. A 
  bus is a bundle of wires that send info through them.</p>
<p><b><font size="4">MICROPROCESSORS</font></b></p>
<p>Microprocessors are what we would call brains. They think for the computer 
  and most info except for DMA (direct memory access) goes from application etc.. 
  to CPU and then to memory. Most modern CPU chips have 8 registers on them. They 
  are data, address, accumulator, program counter, instructions, flag, alu, and 
  a fpu. Registers are storage places for data, numbers etc&#133; the program 
  counter stores the addresses of the next instructions to be done. The instruction 
  register holds the current instruction. The address register contains memory 
  addresses of the current instruction. The address register contains memory address 
  of the next read or write. The accumulator holds one of the mathematical data 
  to be used or the answer to the previous operation. Data registers hold the 
  second part of the mathematical data for the current operation. Flag registers 
  are special bits that are set individually by certain instructions. That's an 
  into to what is inside the cup. FYI - the wires inside a CPU are smaller than 
  a centimeter. The reason the chip is made so big is so that we can handle it. 
  <br>
</p>
<p><font size="4"><b>HISTORY ON COMPUTER</b></font></p>
<p>About the first in home computer made by Intel was an Intel 8088 with a 8 bit 
  data bus, a 20 bit address bus and a 16 bit register. Next inline from Intel 
  was the 8086 with a 16 bit data bus and a 20 bit address bus. Then a 80286 with 
  the same thing as the 8086 but a 24 bit address bus. Then their was a 80386 
  SX with a 16 bit data bus, 24 bit address bus and a 32 bit register. Next was 
  the 80386 DX with a 32 bit data bus, a 32 bit address bus, and a 32 bit register. 
  Then the 80486 SX with the same as the 80386 DX but a little faster. Then Intel 
  came out with a 80486 DX and also a built in FPU. (floating point unit) What 
  the FPU did was let the CPU be able to do decimals super fast which enabled 
  3D games to run super fast. Next was the 80486 DX2 which was twice as fast as 
  the 80486 DX, and after that came the 80486 DX4 which was three times as fast 
  as the 80486. Then they introduced the Pentium chip. The Pentium chip had a 
  huge 64 bit data bus, a 32 bit address bus and a 32 bit register. It is estimated 
  that every 6 months technology doubles. So as technology advanced computers 
  will get even faster. (I cant imagine needing anything bigger than my 400 MHz) 
  Hope that didn't bore you do death.</p>
<p> <font size="4"><b>HARD STORAGE</b></font></p>
<p>Since most people are familiar with such things as a CD-ROM drive. I wont go 
  scrutinize about hard storage. I will just briefly cover it. Most computers 
  typically have a 3 &frac12; floppy drive, usually assigned to drive letter A. 
  what a lot of people do not know is that there is 3 types of 3 &frac12; floppies. 
  There is a double density that formats to 720 kb. Then they came out with a 
  high density disk that formats to 1.44 Mb which is twice as much as the double 
  density disk. After the high density disk came the super density disk which 
  formatted came to 2.8 Mb which as you might have guessed is twice as much as 
  the high density disk. There is also a zip drive that holds 100 Mb's of space 
  but not everybody has one and since a zip disk wont fit in a 3 &frac12; floppy 
  drive and with the creation of the LS-120 disk which holds 120 Mb and 3 &frac12; 
  floppy's can fit in LS-120 drives I predict zip drives wont really ever take 
  off. Now about CD-ROMs. There is two major types of CD-ROMs out right now. One 
  is scsi CD-ROM. Scsi cards are usually cheap and if you ever find a CD-ROM out 
  somewhere that is fairly new and very cheap then odds are it is a scsi. The 
  reason they are cheap is because they don't run by their self, u have to have 
  an adapter to go with it and that adapter costs about 50 bucks and most people 
  don't know that when they buy the scsi and that's how scsi sellers make their 
  money. Another brand is ATAPI. ATAPI CD-ROMs plug into the IDE slot and then 
  once plugged in you will have to install the CD-ROM driver and translator and 
  it should work if you use the right driver. There is more proprietary CD-ROM's 
  but most of them plug into the sound card and that can cause problems so I would 
  stay away from scsi and proprietary and go with ATAPI.</p>
<p> <font size="4"><b>PARTITIONS</b></font></p>
<p>Every hard drive must be partitioned and formatted before they can be used. 
  You will need a copy of a partition too. At this time fdisk is a good partitioning 
  too. Read the manual that comes with it and it will tell you how to use it. 
  Dos partitions are super easy to make.</p>
<p> <b><font size="4">INTERRUPTS, DMA's AND IRQS</font></b></p>
<p>An interrupt is just like it says, it interrupt's something. I'll give you 
  an example of how it works. Say your in school and your teacher is giving a 
  lecture and somebody raises their hand and the teacher stops the lecture and 
  asks the student what his question is. That is just like a computer interrupt. 
  Lets say that you were connected to the internet. You type in a URL to go to 
  www.yahoo.com and your modem sends out the data to all those DNS servers and 
  then when a DNS server finds the address www.yahoo.com it will send back the 
  information to the modem. Well the modem cant hold all of that info and has 
  to send it to the memory so the modem can get some more info. But first it has 
  to get the attention of the CPU so the CPU can put the info into the memory. 
  So it uses it's interrupt to do this. It sends out a signal saying &quot;hey 
  I need you&quot; (not really but close enough) and the computer sends back to 
  the modem &quot;go ahead and tell me what you need&quot; and then the modem 
  asks where it can store it's info in memory and then the CPU gives it the address 
  to store the info at. Then the modem sends info to the memory using DMA. (direct 
  memory access) DMA means that it can access the memory directly without having 
  to go through the CPU. But sometimes it might have to go to the CPU once just 
  to know where to put the info it has into memory then it can access the memory 
  without any help. So now you know what an interrupt is and what DMA is, but 
  what is an irq? An irq is the order of interrupt assignments in which the accer 
  in. On older computers their was only 8 interrupts</p>
<ul>
  <li>0) available</li>
  <li>1) sound/available</li>
  <li>2) floppy disk controller</li>
  <li>3) available</li>
  <li>4) first DMA Controller</li>
  <li>5) sound/available</li>
  <li>6) available</li>
  <li>7) available<br>
  </li>
</ul>
<p>so 0, being the first interrupt and 7 being the last. Now on the newer computer's 
  there is currently 16 irq's. </p>
<ul>
  <li>1) system timer</li>
  <li>2) Keyboard controller</li>
  <li>8) Real-time clock</li>
  <li>9) Available </li>
  <li>10) Available</li>
  <li>11) Available</li>
  <li>12) Motherboard mouse port/available</li>
  <li>13) Math coprocessor/available</li>
  <li>14) Primary IDE</li>
  <li>15) Secondary IDE/available </li>
  <li>3) Serial port 2</li>
  <li>4) Serial port 1</li>
  <li>5) Sound/parallel port 2</li>
  <li>6) Floppy disk controller</li>
  <li>7) Parallel port 1<br>
  </li>
</ul>
<p> This might look out of order but this is the way they come in. I'll explain 
  what this means and how it works now. Lets say you were moving your mouse. Your 
  mouse is irq number 12. Every time you move your mouse it sends out an interrupt 
  12 to your CPU and says, I need u! Then the CPU will reply back &quot;what do 
  you need&quot; and then the mouse will say, &quot;where am I on the screen and 
  the CPU will tell it &quot;you in position dah dah dah.&quot; That's how the 
  irq works, well lets say that your moving your mouse while using your serial 
  port 2. Your mouse has priority over your serial port 2 because your mouse comes 
  first on your irq list. So when your sitting their just swishing your mouse 
  around making a figure eight on your computer, you could be interrupting a function 
  that your computer is doing and it will slow it down a tad.</p>
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