v91release.tex

this file is contain important facts aboute different programming langueges.

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\begin{document}
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\vspace*{1.5in}
\begin{center}
%
{\LARGE POSTMINI User's Manual\\[+0.15in]
Version 9.1-000}\\
%
\vspace*{2.0in}
{\Large John Faricelli\\[+0.1in]
Alpha Semiconductor Technology\\
Compaq Computer Corporation\\[+0.1in]
}
\end{center}
\newpage
\pagenumbering{roman}
\tableofcontents
\newpage
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\section{Introduction}
POSTMINI is an interactive graphical postprocessor for device and
process simulators.
The postprocessor reads the save files from a number of simulation
programs (e.g. MINIMOS, PISCES, SUPREM4 etc.)
and allows the user to examine or plot quantities stored in the file.
In addition, POSTMINI can import data from ASCII files,
and can be used as a general plotting program.
Graphical output under Tru64 Unix or OpenVMS is available on
workstations running X/Motif,
PostScript printers (monochrome, color and encapsulated forms),
HP7550 (HP-GL) plotters, HP PCL,
and all VT series graphics terminals (e.g. VT340).
Under Win32, hardcopy output is limited to screen dumps of windows.
The POSTMINI command language can be used to re-create any plot
from commands in a file.
\section{Functionality}
The available functions in POSTMINI are:
\begin{itemize}
\item
1D - Plot an X-Y graph of 1D data, or
plot a 1D cross-section of 2D data along any vertical or horizontal line.
\item
2D - Plot 2D contours of a quantity.
\item
3D - Plot a quantity as a surface in 3D.
These kind of plots are also known as ``bird's eye'' plots.
\item
Compare - Plot several curves on the same graph (can be from the
same or different data files). Can also plot bar charts.
\item 
Find - Find where an internal quantity reaches a specified value.
\item 
Integrate - Integrate an internal quantity in a region or along a line.
\item 
Line - Print a cross-section of a 2D data along
any vertical or horizontal cut line into a file.
\item 
Minmax - Determine the minimum/maximum of an internal quantity.
\item 
Print - Print 2D data in a formatted report into a file.
\item 
Read - Read in another data file.
\item 
Show - List information about the simulation run (e.g. terminal
voltages and currents). Currently only for MINIMOS.
\item 
Default - Change default plot attributes of POSTMINI
\item 
Restore - Restore a plot from a Postmini command file
\item 
Shell - Execute operating commands without leaving POSTMINI.
\item 
Save  - Save the current plot in a Postmini command file
\item 
Window - Manage multiple plot windows on workstations.
\item 
Exit, Quit - Terminate POSTMINI.
\end{itemize}

The quantities that can be printed/plotted depend on
the simulation program. For MINIMOS, they are:
\begin{itemize}
\item 
Potential
\item 
Doping concentration
\item 
Electron/hole concentration
\item 
Electric field (x,y components, magnitude)
\item 
Electron/hole current density (x,y components, magnitude)
\item 
Generation rate
\item 
Electron/hole quasi-Fermi levels
\item 
Electron/hole mobility
\item 
Electron/hole carrier temperature
\item 
Interface charge (fixed and chargeable)
\end{itemize}
%
\section{How to run POSTMINI on VMS}
The POSTMINI program is stored in the {\tt [sled.new]} area on your
machine. To run POSTMINI, type:
\begin{verbatim}
     $ POSTMINI :== $DEVPROSIM$DISK:[SLED.NEW]POSTMINI.EXE
     $ POSTMINI [ options ] [ datafile ] [ filetype ]
\end{verbatim}
where {\tt DEVPROSIM\$DISK} is the disk where the
sled area resides on your machine,
{\tt datafile} is a datafile (e.g. MINIMOS binary file)
and {\tt filetype} is the type of datafile being read (e.g. MINIMOS,
PROMIS, etc.). If the datafile has an extension that POSTMINI recognizes
(e.g. {\tt .bin} for MINIMOS, {\tt .pmi} for POSTMINI command file),
then the filetype is optional.
For a complete list of datafiles and command line options, see Appendix F.
The logical name {\tt DEVPROSIM\$DISK} should already be defined by
your system manager.
Note: since POSTMINI uses the Digital GKS graphics package, you must have Digital GKS
installed on your system.
It is suggested that you have Digital GKS V5.3 or higher installed.

By default, POSTMINI assumes that you will be displaying your
graphics on a workstation running Motif.
You can specify a different plot output device by using the {\tt /device}
option on the POSTMINI command line.
The following devices are supported:
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
Option name    & Output device \\
\hline
{\tt MOTIF }   & Workstation running Motif \\
{\tt VT240 }   & Digital color VT240 \\
{\tt VT240BW } & Digital B\&W VT240 \\
{\tt VT330 }   & Digital VT330 \\
{\tt VT340 }   & Digital VT340 \\
{\tt XTERM }   & Xterm using Tek4014 emulation \\
{\tt integer}  & GKS workstation type (e.g. 231) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
Example:
\begin{verbatim}
     $ postmini /device=vt340
\end{verbatim}
If you are running Motif, you must also have the logical name
{\tt DECW\$DISPLAY} defined to point to your X display device.
This is normally done automatically for you by the operating system.

Finally, when you first make a plot with POSTMINI, you may get an error
message similar to:

\begin{verbatim}
WARNING - 'TITLE SIZE' attribute incorrect: use
"DEFINE GKS$DECW_TITLE_SIZE 20" and restart application.
\end{verbatim}

The message may come up quickly and get overwritten by later output by
POSTMINI. POSTMINI should open up a window about 1/4 of the screen,
in the upper right hand corner. If you do not get this behavior,
it is likely that the above logical name has to be set.
Unfortunately, the value you need to use depends on the particulars
of your workstation (e.g. screen resolution).
Also, if you are running Motif V1.2, and you continue to see these messages,
even though you have set the logicals,
see the comments in the ``Things to look out for'' section.

{\it NOTE!} POSTMINI V7.3 and higher no longer examines the logical name
{\tt GKS\$WS\_TYPE} to determine which output device to use.
POSTMINI also tries to work correctly if the logical name
{\tt GKS\$CONID} is not defined.
%
\section{Operation under Tru64 Unix (Digital Unix)}
POSTMINI runs under the Tru64 Unix operating system.
POSTMINI operation is essentially the same as under OpenVMS.
You must have Compaq GKS V5.2 or higher installed on your system.
If you need to read VMS binary files on Tru64 Unix, contact the
support person, as this is possible to do with a special version of Postmini.

The following implementation differences are noted:
\begin{itemize}
\item The shell command creates a process running the C-shell.
\item Since Tru64 Unix does not support file versions,
the plot file naming scheme is slightly different.
If a new plot file would overwrite an existing file,
the new plot file name is modified to be of the form ``{\tt file.n.extension}''
where ``{\tt n}'' is an integer. For example: {\tt nmos.2.ps}.
\item Environment variables are used instead of logical names.
The following environment variables are used by Postmini;
remember names in Tru64 Unix are case sensitive.
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
\mcm{1}{c}{Environment variable}    &  \mcm{1}{c}{Function} \\
\hline
{\tt DISPLAY      } &    Default X window display \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
C-shell example:
\begin{verbatim}
     % setenv DISPLAY  fermi:0
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%
\section{Operation under Win32 (Windows 95/98/NT)}
POSTMINI runs under the Windows 95/98/NT operating systems.
POSTMINI operation is essentially the same as under OpenVMS or Tru64 Unix.

The following implementation differences are noted:
\begin{itemize}
\item Hardcopy is limited to screen dumps of the plot window,
due to the limitations of the graphics library used.
\item The shell environment symbol {\tt Windows_NT} is used to determine
whether Postmini is running on Windows-NT.
It used is mainly to determine which executable to use to start up a new shell.
\item Since win32 does not support file versions,
the plot file naming scheme is slightly different.
If a new plot file would overwrite an existing file,
the new plot file name is modified to be of the form ``{\tt file.n.extension}''
where ``{\tt n}'' is an integer. For example: {\tt nmos.2.ps}.
\end{itemize}
%
\section{Supported datafile formats}
POSTMINI can read the output file formats for a number of
simulators: SPICE output files (via the ASCII file reader),
SPICE3 ``raw'' files,
MINIMOS 5.x/6.x binary output file ({\tt .BIN}),
MINIMOS binary doping ({\tt .DOP, .2DOP}),
MINIMOS binary dump format ({\tt .USEOUT}),
PISCES-IIB mesh and solution file (Stanford version 9009),
SUPREM3 structure files,
SUPREM4 ASCII structure files,
TMA TIF (TMA Interchange Format) files,
Vector Technologies FAIM and MCP2D files,
and PROMIS ({binary \tt .SAVE}) files.

POSTMINI can read binary files from either 2D or 3D MINIMOS runs.
If you are plotting from a 3D binary file, you will be requested
for a ``cut plane'' which will ``slice'' the device along the
length, width or wafer (top view) direction.
POSTMINI supports 3D MINIMOS doping files in a similar manner.

In the case of SUPREM3, only 1D and comparison
plots are possible, since SUPREM3 is only a 1D simulator.
POSTMINI also shifts the SUPREM3 coordinate system such that the zero
coordinate occurs at the silicon surface. This is to be consistent
with other simulators. This also allows quantites such as junction
depths to be directly read off plots.

You can also import data from an external ASCII file.
The data should be arranged in columns.
Any line which begins with a ``C'', ``c'', ``!'' or ``\#''is taken
as a comment line. You can also use {\tt .OFF} and {\tt .ON}
to exclude portions of a file from being read.
If you do not have enough data in a line to satisfy a read request,
or have non-numeric data on a line, that line is silently ignored.
You can specify which columns are to be read, as well as
data scaling factors {\tt mx, my} and {\tt ax, ay}. These scaling factors
transform the data as follows:
\begin{equation}
{\rm scaled\; data = mx \cdot (input\; data) + ax}
\end{equation}
You can also specify how many lines to skip, and how many lines to read
in a file. If you have a data file which contains several data sets
appended together,
you can read all the data in one step by setting the option
{\tt Multiple curves in datafile} to {\tt yes}.
This will suppress the retrace when the X axis value goes ``backwards.''
This is useful for plotting current-voltage or capacitance-voltage
data files.
You can also set the ``sampling'' frequency, which will cause Postmini