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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Installing and Upgrading X</TITLE> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT="How to install and upgrade X on a Linux system."> <META NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="How, to, guide, upgrade, install, XFree86, X server"></HEAD><LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="default.css"><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#7F007F"><H2><A NAME="0">Installing and Upgrading X</A></H2><FONT SIZE="-1"><B>Last updated: September 17, 1999</B></FONT><BR><FONT SIZE="-1"><B>Development stage: Beta</B></FONT><P>When Linux users refer to X, they mean the graphical interface forUnix systems. More information about XFree86 (a free implementation ofX) is at <A HREF="http://www.xfree86.org"TARGET="_top">http://www.xfree86.org</A>. You need to be in X inorder to run many graphical applications. It is what you would use tocreate the equivalent of a Windows desktop under Linux.</P><P>The subject of writing here is XFree86 3.3.3.1, the "new"version at the time of the last major update. There are variousreasons one would want to upgrade their version of X. The latestrelease might have better hardware support. Alternatively, one mightwant the updated X applications and libraries. Lastly, it could bethat some people do not feel comfortable when they are not using thelatest version of a software package. If you do not have X installed,this is also the page to read.</P><P>The first step to upgrade your version of X is to back up your oldone, just in case the procedure on this page does not work. (If you donot have enough disk space nor want to go through the trouble, thereis really no need to worry about it. It is just a good habit todevelop). You can do this by changing your working directory to<TT>/usr/X11R6</TT> which should work in most systems. Your systemmight be different, but that is the way it is laid out on mymachine.</P><P>If you do not have X installed yet, just create an <TT>X11R6</TT>directory as a subdirectory in <TT>/usr/</TT>.</P><P>This is how your X directory (<TT>/usr/X11R6/</TT> in most systems)should look like if you already have X installed:</P><PRE>bindocincludelibman</PRE><P>To back it up, I suggest you <B>tar</B> and <B>gzip</B> them intoone file and keep it in there. On my system, I named it<TT>x11r6.old.tar.gz</TT> to make it easy to tell what it containslater on. I did that by typing this in <TT>/usr/X11R6</TT>:</P><PRE># tar -czvf x11r6.old.tar.gz bin doc include lib man</PRE><P>Now that you have backed up the old X, go to one of the followingFTP sites to download the various XFree86 .tgz files. I will specifythe files you need to download later in this document.</P><H3><A NAME="1">North America</A></H3><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86">ftp://ftp.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp2.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86 ">ftp://ftp2.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/XFree86-current ">ftp://ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/XFree86-current</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/X/XFree86">ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/X/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.varesearch.com/pub/mirrors/xfree86 ">ftp://ftp.varesearch.com/pub/mirrors/xfree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.umn.edu/pub/XFree86 ">ftp://ftp.cs.umn.edu/pub/XFree86</A><BR><H3><A NAME="2">Europe</A></H3><A HREF="ftp://fvkma.tu-graz.ac.at/pub/XFree86 ">ftp://fvkma.tu-graz.ac.at/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/hci/X11/XFree86">ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/hci/X11/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/xfree86/XFree86">ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/xfree86/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/X/XFree86">ftp://ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/X/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.xfree86">ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.xfree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/X11/Xfree86">ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/X11/Xfree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/X11/XFree86">ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/X11/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/X11/XFree86">ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/X11/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/XFree86">ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.pvv.unit.no/pub/XFree86">ftp://ftp.pvv.unit.no/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/XFree86">ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/XFree86</A><BR><H3><A NAME="3">Asia and Australia</A></H3><A HREF="ftp://x.physics.usyd.edu.au/pub/XFree86">ftp://x.physics.usyd.edu.au/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.netlab.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/XFree86">ftp://ftp.netlab.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/XFree86</A><BR><A HREF="ftp://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/X/XFree86/XFree86">ftp://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/X/XFree86/XFree86</A><BR><P>You should read the file RELNOTES in the XFree86 distribution tosee which files you should get from the distribution, but just tospare you some scrolling and searching, here is what you shoulddownload:</P><UL><LI>X332VG16.tgz</LI><LI>X332prog.tgz</LI><LI>X332bin.tgz</LI><LI>X332doc.tgz</LI><LI>X332fnts.tgz</LI><LI>X332lib.tgz</LI><LI>X332man.tgz</LI><LI>X332set.tgz</LI><LI>preinst.sh</LI><LI>postinst.sh</LI></UL><P>You should also download the specific X server for your card. Forexample, I use an S3 ViRGE on my Diamond Stealth 3D 2000, so Idownloaded <TT>X33S3V.tgz</TT>. So if you are using an Imagine 128card, then you should download the X server for that (I128). Somecards are not supported totally, but most will work with the SVGAserver (256-colors). My Creative Labs Graphics Blaster Riva TNT usesthe NVidia Riva TNT chipset, and what worked with that was the SVGAserver. If it seems that your card is not supported, try going over to<A HREF="http://www.suse.de" TARGET="_top">SuSE's website</A>. Theyhave X servers that are not integrated into the official XFree86distribution yet, and that often means that they have X servers forthe new cards. <A HREF="http://www.xfree86.org" TARGET="_top">TheXFree86 Project</A> only releases a new version about every sixmonths.</P><P>All that should be put into <TT>/usr/X11R6/</TT> or whatever your Xdirectory is. You can run the .sh files using <TT>sh file.sh</TT> ormake sure the .sh files are set to be executable. If not, do <TT>chmod+x preinst.sh postinst.sh</TT>. After that, run preinst.sh by doing<TT>./preinst.sh</TT>; answering "yes" to the defaultsshould be okay. Now, all you do is extract all the .tgz files andthen run <TT>postinst.sh</TT>. That should put all the files wherethey are supposed to be. If already you are an avid X user, you canjust resume your normal routine with your system with X; you will notneed to read any further.</P><P>If you are installing X for the first time, you should set the X binarydirectory to be part of your path. You can do this by editing<TT>/etc/profile</TT> with your preferred text editor and adding"/usr/X11R6/bin" to the line with PATH. That will set theenvironment variable, $PATH, to all the directories specified for it tolook for the name of the program that you typed in.</P><P>If you are a first-time X user, the way to start X is by using the<TT>startx</TT> command. On my system, that starts up X in 8 bpp(eight bits per pixel, which is 256 colors) mode on default. The wayto start up X in higher color modes if that happens to you is<B>startx -- -bpp 16</B>; with that command line, X will start up in16 bits per pixel mode, which is approximately 65,536 colors. Othervalid bpp modes you can use are usually 1, 4, 15, 24, and 32. Thenumber of colors in relation to bits per pixel is 2 to the power ofthe number of bits per pixel.</P><P>If you have trouble with X or some error message appears, try <AHREF="linux-X-config.html">Configuring and Troubleshooting X</A>.</P><P>You will probably also need a window manager if your system hasnever had X on it before. There are a lot of window managers outthere, so just look for one and choose at <AHREF="http://www.plig.org/xwinman"TARGET="_top">http://www.plig.org/xwinman</A>. The one I recommend is<A HREF="http://www.windowmaker.org" TARGET="_top">WindowMaker</A>,which I have an <A HREF="linux-X-wm-wm.html">installation guide</A>for as well.</P><HR><P>Questions, comments, corrections, suggestions? Send them to me at<A HREF="mailto:jgo@local.net">jgo@local.net</A>.</P><HR><P><B><FONT SIZE="-1">Copyright © 1997-1999 <AHREF="mailto:jgo@local.net">Joshua Go(jgo@local.net)</A>. All rights reserved. Permission to use,distribute, and copy this document is hereby granted. You may modifythis document as long as credit to me is given.</FONT></B></P></BODY></HTML>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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