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    Database</a>.</p>

    <p>Finally, the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code>
    directive provides the authorization part of the process by
    setting the user that is allowed to access this region of the
    server. In the next section, we discuss various ways to use the
    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code> directive.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="lettingmorethanonepersonin" id="lettingmorethanonepersonin">Letting more than one
person in</a></h2>
    <p>The directives above only let one person (specifically
    someone with a username of <code>rbowen</code>) into the
    directory. In most cases, you'll want to let more than one
    person in. This is where the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code> comes in.</p>

    <p>If you want to let more than one person in, you'll need to
    create a group file that associates group names with a list of
    users in that group. The format of this file is pretty simple,
    and you can create it with your favorite editor. The contents
    of the file will look like this:</p>

   <div class="example"><p><code>
     GroupName: rbowen dpitts sungo rshersey
   </code></p></div>

    <p>That's just a list of the members of the group in a long
    line separated by spaces.</p>

    <p>To add a user to your already existing password file,
    type:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      htpasswd /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords dpitts
    </code></p></div>

    <p>You'll get the same response as before, but it will be
    appended to the existing file, rather than creating a new file.
    (It's the <code>-c</code> that makes it create a new password
    file).</p>

    <p>Now, you need to modify your <code>.htaccess</code> file to
    look like the following:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      AuthType Basic<br />
      AuthName "By Invitation Only"<br />
      AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords<br />
      AuthGroupFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/groups<br />
      Require group GroupName
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Now, anyone that is listed in the group <code>GroupName</code>,
    and has an entry in the <code>password</code> file, will be let in, if
    they type the correct password.</p>

    <p>There's another way to let multiple users in that is less
    specific. Rather than creating a group file, you can just use
    the following directive:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Require valid-user
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Using that rather than the <code>Require user rbowen</code>
    line will allow anyone in that is listed in the password file,
    and who correctly enters their password. You can even emulate
    the group behavior here, by just keeping a separate password
    file for each group. The advantage of this approach is that
    Apache only has to check one file, rather than two. The
    disadvantage is that you have to maintain a bunch of password
    files, and remember to reference the right one in the
    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code> directive.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="possibleproblems" id="possibleproblems">Possible problems</a></h2>
    <p>Because of the way that Basic authentication is specified,
    your username and password must be verified every time you
    request a document from the server. This is even if you're
    reloading the same page, and for every image on the page (if
    they come from a protected directory). As you can imagine, this
    slows things down a little. The amount that it slows things
    down is proportional to the size of the password file, because
    it has to open up that file, and go down the list of users
    until it gets to your name. And it has to do this every time a
    page is loaded.</p>

    <p>A consequence of this is that there's a practical limit to
    how many users you can put in one password file. This limit
    will vary depending on the performance of your particular
    server machine, but you can expect to see slowdowns once you
    get above a few hundred entries, and may wish to consider a
    different authentication method at that time.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="whatotherneatstuffcanido" id="whatotherneatstuffcanido">What other neat stuff can I
do?</a></h2>
    <p>Authentication by username and password is only part of the
    story. Frequently you want to let people in based on something
    other than who they are. Something such as where they are
    coming from.</p>

    <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code> and
    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#deny">Deny</a></code> directives let
    you allow and deny access based on the host name, or host
    address, of the machine requesting a document. The
    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#order">Order</a></code> directive goes
    hand-in-hand with these two, and tells Apache in which order to
    apply the filters.</p>

    <p>The usage of these directives is:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Allow from <var>address</var>
    </code></p></div>

    <p>where <var>address</var> is an IP address (or a partial IP
    address) or a fully qualified domain name (or a partial domain
    name); you may provide multiple addresses or domain names, if
    desired.</p>

    <p>For example, if you have someone spamming your message
    board, and you want to keep them out, you could do the
    following:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Deny from 10.252.46.165
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Visitors coming from that address will not be able to see
    the content covered by this directive. If, instead, you have a
    machine name, rather than an IP address, you can use that.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Deny from <var>host.example.com</var>
    </code></p></div>

    <p>And, if you'd like to block access from an entire domain,
    you can specify just part of an address or domain name:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Deny from <var>192.168.205</var><br />
      Deny from <var>phishers.example.com</var> <var>moreidiots.example</var><br />
      Deny from ke
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#order">Order</a></code> will let you be
    sure that you are actually restricting things to the group that you want
    to let in, by combining a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#deny">Deny</a></code>
    and an <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code> directive:</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      Order deny,allow<br />
      Deny from all<br />
      Allow from <var>dev.example.com</var>
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Listing just the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code>
    directive would not do what you want, because it will let folks from that
    host in, in addition to letting everyone in. What you want is to let
    <em>only</em> those folks in.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="moreinformation" id="moreinformation">More information</a></h2>
    <p>You should also read the documentation for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html">mod_auth</a></code>
    and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html">mod_access</a></code> which contain some more information
    about how this all works.</p>
</div></div>
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