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<title>Configuration Sections - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Configuration Sections</h1>
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<p>Directives in the <a href="configuring.html">configuration files</a> may apply to the
entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular
directories, files, hosts, or URLs. This document describes how to
use configuration section containers or <code>.htaccess</code> files
to change the scope of other configuration directives.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#types">Types of Configuration Section Containers</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#file-and-web">Filesystem and Webspace</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#virtualhost">Virtual Hosts</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Proxy</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#whatwhere">What Directives are Allowed?</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#mergin">How the sections are merged</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="types" id="types">Types of Configuration Section Containers</a></h2>
<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directorymatch"><DirectoryMatch></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#filesmatch"><FilesMatch></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#locationmatch"><LocationMatch></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxy"><Proxy></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxymatch"><ProxyMatch></a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
<p>There are two basic types of containers. Most containers are
evaluated for each request. The enclosed directives are applied only
for those requests that match the containers. The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code> containers, on the
other hand, are evaluated only at server startup and restart. If
their conditions are true at startup, then the enclosed directives
will apply to all requests. If the conditions are not true, the
enclosed directives will be ignored.</p>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code> directive
encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate
parameter is defined on the <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> command line. For example,
with the following configuration, all requests will be redirected
to another site only if the server is started using
<code>httpd -DClosedForNow</code>:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<IfDefine ClosedForNow><br />
Redirect / http://otherserver.example.com/<br />
</IfDefine>
</code></p></div>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code>
directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will
only be applied if a particular module is available in the server.
The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it
must be dynamically compiled and its <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_so.html#loadmodule">LoadModule</a></code> line must be earlier in the
configuration file. This directive should only be used if you need
your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are
installed. It should not be used to enclose directives that you want
to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages
about missing modules.</p>
<p>In the following example, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_mime_magic.html#mimemagicfiles">MimeMagicFiles</a></code> directive will be
applied only if <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_mime_magic.html">mod_mime_magic</a></code> is available.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<IfModule mod_mime_magic.c><br />
MimeMagicFile conf/magic<br />
</IfModule>
</code></p></div>
<p>Both <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code>
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code>
can apply negative conditions by preceding their test with "!".
Also, these sections can be nested to achieve more complex
restrictions.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="file-and-web" id="file-and-web">Filesystem and Webspace</a></h2>
<p>The most commonly used configuration section containers are the
ones that change the configuration of particular places in the
filesystem or webspace. First, it is important to understand the
difference between the two. The filesystem is the view of your disks
as seen by your operating system. For example, in a default install,
Apache resides at <code>/usr/local/apache2</code> in the Unix
filesystem or <code>"c:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2"</code> in
the Windows filesystem. (Note that forward slashes should always be
used as the path separator in Apache, even for Windows.) In contrast,
the webspace is the view of your site as delivered by the web server
and seen by the client. So the path <code>/dir/</code> in the
webspace corresponds to the path
<code>/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/dir/</code> in the filesystem of a
default Apache install on Unix. The webspace need not map directly to
the filesystem, since webpages may be generated dynamically
from databases or other locations.</p>
<h3><a name="filesystem" id="filesystem">Filesystem Containers</a></h3>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code>
directives, along with their regex counterparts, apply directives to
parts of the filesystem. Directives enclosed in a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section apply to
the named filesystem directory and all subdirectories of that
directory. The same effect can be obtained using <a href="howto/htaccess.html">.htaccess files</a>. For example, in the
following configuration, directory indexes will be enabled for the
<code>/var/web/dir1</code> directory and all subdirectories.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Directory /var/web/dir1><br />
Options +Indexes<br />
</Directory>
</code></p></div>
<p>Directives enclosed in a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> section apply to any file with
the specified name, regardless of what directory it lies in.
So for example, the following configuration directives will,
when placed in the main section of the configuration file,
deny access to any file named <code>private.html</code> regardless
of where it is found.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Files private.html><br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
</Files>
</code></p></div>
<p>To address files found in a particular part of the filesystem, the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> and
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections
can be combined. For example, the following configuration will deny
access to <code>/var/web/dir1/private.html</code>,
<code>/var/web/dir1/subdir2/private.html</code>,
<code>/var/web/dir1/subdir3/private.html</code>, and any other instance
of <code>private.html</code> found under the <code>/var/web/dir1/</code>
directory.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Directory /var/web/dir1><br />
<Files private.html><br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
</Files><br />
</Directory>
</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="webspace" id="webspace">Webspace Containers</a></h3>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code>
directive and its regex counterpart, on the other hand, change the
configuration for content in the webspace. For example, the following
configuration prevents access to any URL-path that begins in /private.
In particular, it will apply to requests for
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private</code>,
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private123</code>, and
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private/dir/file.html</code> as well
as any other requests starting with the <code>/private</code> string.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Location /private><br />
Order Allow,Deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
</Location>
</code></p></div>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code>
directive need not have anything to do with the filesystem.
For example, the following example shows how to map a particular
URL to an internal Apache handler provided by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_status.html">mod_status</a></code>.
No file called <code>server-status</code> needs to exist in the
filesystem.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Location /server-status><br />
SetHandler server-status<br />
</Location>
</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="wildcards" id="wildcards">Wildcards and Regular Expressions</a></h3>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>,
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code>, and
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code>
directives can each use shell-style wildcard characters as in
<code>fnmatch</code> from the C standard library. The character "*"
matches any sequence of characters, "?" matches any single character,
and "[<em>seq</em>]" matches any character in <em>seq</em>. The "/"
character will not be matched by any wildcard; it must be specified
explicitly.</p>
<p>If even more flexible matching is required, each
container has a regular-expression (regex) counterpart <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directorymatch"><DirectoryMatch></a></code>, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#filesmatch"><FilesMatch></a></code>, and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#locationmatch"><LocationMatch></a></code> that allow
perl-compatible
<a href="glossary.html#regex">regular expressions</a>
to be used in choosing the matches. But see the section below on
configuration merging to find out how using regex sections will change
how directives are applied.</p>
<p>A non-regex wildcard section that changes the configuration of
all user directories could look as follows:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Directory /home/*/public_html><br />
Options Indexes<br />
</Directory>
</code></p></div>
<p>Using regex sections, we can deny access to many types of image files
at once:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<FilesMatch \.(?i:gif|jpe?g|png)$><br />
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