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<title>URL Rewriting Guide - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>URL Rewriting Guide</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewrite_guide.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
</div>
<p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
<a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>.
It describes how one can use Apache's <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
to solve typical URL-based problems with which webmasters are
commonony confronted. We give detailed descriptions on how to
solve each problem by configuring URL rewriting rulesets.</p>
<div class="warning">ATTENTION: Depending on your server configuration
it may be necessary to slightly change the examples for your
situation, e.g. adding the <code>[PT]</code> flag when
additionally using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code> and
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>, etc. Or rewriting a ruleset
to fit in <code>.htaccess</code> context instead
of per-server context. Always try to understand what a
particular ruleset really does before you use it. This
avoids many problems.</div>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#canonicalurl">Canonical URLs</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#canonicalhost">Canonical Hostnames</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#moveddocroot">Moved <code>DocumentRoot</code></a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#trailingslash">Trailing Slash Problem</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#movehomedirs">Move Homedirs to Different Webserver</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#multipledirs">Search pages in more than one directory</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#setenvvars">Set Environment Variables According To URL Parts</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#uservhosts">Virtual User Hosts</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirecthome">Redirect Homedirs For Foreigners</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirectanchors">Redirecting Anchors</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> Time-Dependent Rewriting</li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> Backward Compatibility for YYYY to XXXX migration</li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#content">Content Handling</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#access">Access Restriction</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#other">Other</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module
documentation</a></li><li><a href="rewrite_intro.html">mod_rewrite
introduction</a></li><li><a href="rewrite_tech.html">Technical details</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="canonicalurl" id="canonicalurl">Canonical URLs</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>On some webservers there are more than one URL for a
resource. Usually there are canonical URLs (which should be
actually used and distributed) and those which are just
shortcuts, internal ones, etc. Independent of which URL the
user supplied with the request he should finally see the
canonical one only.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We do an external HTTP redirect for all non-canonical
URLs to fix them in the location view of the Browser and
for all subsequent requests. In the example ruleset below
we replace <code>/~user</code> by the canonical
<code>/u/user</code> and fix a missing trailing slash for
<code>/u/user</code>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteRule ^/<strong>~</strong>([^/]+)/?(.*) /<strong>u</strong>/$1/$2 [<strong>R</strong>]
RewriteRule ^/([uge])/(<strong>[^/]+</strong>)$ /$1/$2<strong>/</strong> [<strong>R</strong>]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="canonicalhost" id="canonicalhost">Canonical Hostnames</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>The goal of this rule is to force the use of a particular
hostname, in preference to other hostnames which may be used to
reach the same site. For example, if you wish to force the use
of <strong>www.example.com</strong> instead of
<strong>example.com</strong>, you might use a variant of the
following recipe.</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>For sites running on a port other than 80:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^fully\.qualified\.domain\.name [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^80$
RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1 [L,R]
</pre></div>
<p>And for a site running on port 80</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^fully\.qualified\.domain\.name [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name/$1 [L,R]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="moveddocroot" id="moveddocroot">Moved <code>DocumentRoot</code></a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
of the webserver directly relates to the URL "<code>/</code>".
But often this data is not really of top-level priority. For example,
you may wish for visitors, on first entering a site, to go to a
particular subdirectory <code>/about/</code>. This may be accomplished
using the following ruleset:</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We redirect the URL <code>/</code> to
<code>/about/</code>:
</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule <strong>^/$</strong> /about/ [<strong>R</strong>]
</pre></div>
<p>Note that this can also be handled using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
RedirectMatch ^/$ http://example.com/e/www/
</code></p></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="trailingslash" id="trailingslash">Trailing Slash Problem</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd><p>The vast majority of "trailing slash" problems can be dealt
with using the techniques discussed in the <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ-E.html#set-servername">FAQ
entry</a>. However, occasionally, there is a need to use mod_rewrite
to handle a case where a missing trailing slash causes a URL to
fail. This can happen, for example, after a series of complex
rewrite rules.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>The solution to this subtle problem is to let the server
add the trailing slash automatically. To do this
correctly we have to use an external redirect, so the
browser correctly requests subsequent images etc. If we
only did a internal rewrite, this would only work for the
directory page, but would go wrong when any images are
included into this page with relative URLs, because the
browser would request an in-lined object. For instance, a
request for <code>image.gif</code> in
<code>/~quux/foo/index.html</code> would become
<code>/~quux/image.gif</code> without the external
redirect!</p>
<p>So, to do this trick we write:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /~quux/
RewriteRule ^foo<strong>$</strong> foo<strong>/</strong> [<strong>R</strong>]
</pre></div>
<p>Alternately, you can put the following in a
top-level <code>.htaccess</code> file in the content directory.
But note that this creates some processing overhead.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /~quux/
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} <strong>-d</strong>
RewriteRule ^(.+<strong>[^/]</strong>)$ $1<strong>/</strong> [R]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="movehomedirs" id="movehomedirs">Move Homedirs to Different Webserver</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Many webmasters have asked for a solution to the
following situation: They wanted to redirect just all
homedirs on a webserver to another webserver. They usually
need such things when establishing a newer webserver which
will replace the old one over time.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>The solution is trivial with <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>.
On the old webserver we just redirect all
<code>/~user/anypath</code> URLs to
<code>http://newserver/~user/anypath</code>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/~(.+) http://<strong>newserver</strong>/~$1 [R,L]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="multipledirs" id="multipledirs">Search pages in more than one directory</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to let the webserver search
for pages in more than one directory. Here MultiViews or
other techniques cannot help.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We program a explicit ruleset which searches for the
files in the directories.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
# first try to find it in custom/...
# ...and if found stop and be happy:
RewriteCond /your/docroot/<strong>dir1</strong>/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/<strong>dir1</strong>/$1 [L]
# second try to find it in pub/...
# ...and if found stop and be happy:
RewriteCond /your/docroot/<strong>dir2</strong>/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/<strong>dir2</strong>/$1 [L]
# else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,
# etc.
RewriteRule ^(.+) - [PT]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="setenvvars" id="setenvvars">Set Environment Variables According To URL Parts</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Perhaps you want to keep status information between
requests and use the URL to encode it. But you don't want
to use a CGI wrapper for all pages just to strip out this
information.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We use a rewrite rule to strip out the status information
and remember it via an environment variable which can be
later dereferenced from within XSSI or CGI. This way a
URL <code>/foo/S=java/bar/</code> gets translated to
<code>/foo/bar/</code> and the environment variable named
<code>STATUS</code> is set to the value "java".</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^(.*)/<strong>S=([^/]+)</strong>/(.*) $1/$3 [E=<strong>STATUS:$2</strong>]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="uservhosts" id="uservhosts">Virtual User Hosts</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Assume that you want to provide
<code>www.<strong>username</strong>.host.domain.com</code>
for the homepage of username via just DNS A records to the
same machine and without any virtualhosts on this
machine.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>For HTTP/1.0 requests there is no solution, but for
HTTP/1.1 requests which contain a Host: HTTP header we
can use the following ruleset to rewrite
<code>http://www.username.host.com/anypath</code>
internally to <code>/home/username/anypath</code>:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{<strong>HTTP_HOST</strong>} ^www\.<strong>[^.]+</strong>\.host\.com$
RewriteRule ^(.+) %{HTTP_HOST}$1 [C]
RewriteRule ^www\.<strong>([^.]+)</strong>\.host\.com(.*) /home/<strong>$1</strong>$2
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="redirecthome" id="redirecthome">Redirect Homedirs For Foreigners</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We want to redirect homedir URLs to another webserver
<code>www.somewhere.com</code> when the requesting user
does not stay in the local domain
<code>ourdomain.com</code>. This is sometimes used in
virtual host contexts.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Just a rewrite condition:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} <strong>!^.+\.ourdomain\.com$</strong>
RewriteRule ^(/~.+) http://www.somewhere.com/$1 [R,L]
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
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