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<title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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<p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
is provided in the links.</p>
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<h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
<dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
Control</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
<dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
<dfn>Ciphers</dfn>.
</dd>
<dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
<dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
(<span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
Apache Web server.<br />
See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
</dd>
<dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
<dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
client, or a user.<br />
See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
Control</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
<dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> (called
the issuer), plus the owner's <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#publickey">public
key</a> and the
signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
using CA certificates.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
<a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt>
<dd>An unsigned <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificate">certificate</a> for
submission to a <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification
Authority</a>, which signs it with the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#privatekey">Private Key</a> of their CA
<em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
certificate.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
<a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt>
<dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
of a certificate.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
<dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
etc.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
<dd>The result after <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is
passed through a <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
<dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
external program that allows the external program to service requests.
The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC project</a>.<br />
See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
<dd>See: <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directive</a></dd>
<dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
File</a></dt>
<dd>A text file containing <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directives</a>
that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
<dd>An HTTP <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#method">method</a> for proxying raw data
channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
the SSL protocol.
</dd>
<dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
<dd>An area in the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration
files</a> where certain types of <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
Apache Directives</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
Signature</a></dt>
<dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
<span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
<em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
<em>Certificate</em>.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
<dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
behavior. Directives are placed in the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">Configuration File</a><br />
See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
<dd><span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#module">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
<dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
environment.<br />
See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
<dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
force.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
<dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
processes documents for <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#ssi">Server Side
Includes</a>.<br />
See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
<a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt>
<dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
<code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
</dd>
<dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
<dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
<code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
<span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br />
See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
</dd>
<dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
<dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversable algorithm generating a string with
fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
</dd>
<dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
<dd>The part of the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#http">HTTP</a> request and
response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
meta-information describing the content.
</dd>
<dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
<dd>A <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that
is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is
placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
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