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<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
<!--
<ul>
<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstract">ABSTRACT</a></li>
<li><a href="#disclaimer">DISCLAIMER</a></li>
<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
<li><a href="#commands">COMMANDS</a></li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#compress">Compress</a></li>
<li><a href="#decompress">Decompress</a></li>
<li><a href="#test">Test</a></li>
<li><a href="#list">List</a></li>
</ul>
<li><a href="#options">OPTIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression_levels_&_tuning">COMPRESSION LEVELS & TUNING</a></li>
<li><a href="#overlay_handling_options">OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#environment">ENVIRONMENT</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_the_supported_executable_formats">NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS</a></li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#notes_for_atari/tos">NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_dos/com">NOTES FOR DOS/COM</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_dos/exe">NOTES FOR DOS/EXE</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_dos/sys">NOTES FOR DOS/SYS</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_djgpp2/coff">NOTES FOR DJGPP2/COFF</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_linux/386">NOTES FOR LINUX/386</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_rtm32/pe">NOTES FOR RTM32/PE</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_tmt/adam">NOTES FOR TMT/ADAM</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_watcom/le">NOTES FOR WATCOM/LE</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes_for_win32/pe">NOTES FOR WIN32/PE</a></li>
</ul>
<li><a href="#diagnostics">DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
<li><a href="#bugs">BUGS</a></li>
<li><a href="#authors">AUTHORS</a></li>
<li><a href="#copyright">COPYRIGHT</a></li>
</ul>
-->
<!-- INDEX END -->
<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>upx - compress or expand executable files</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
<p><strong>upx</strong> [ <em>command</em> ] [ <em>options</em> ] <em>filename</em>...</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="abstract">ABSTRACT</a></h1>
<pre>
The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2002 Markus Oberhumer & Laszlo Molnar
<a href="http://upx.sourceforge.net">http://upx.sourceforge.net</a></pre>
<p><strong>UPX</strong> is a portable, extendable, high-performance executable packer for
several different executable formats. It achieves an excellent compression
ratio and offers <em>*very*</em> fast decompression. Your executables suffer
no memory overhead or other drawbacks for most of the formats supported.</p>
<p>While you may use <strong>UPX</strong> freely for both non-commercial and commercial
executables (for details see the file LICENSE), we would highly
appreciate if you credit <strong>UPX</strong> and ourselves in the documentation,
possibly including a reference to the <strong>UPX</strong> home page. Thanks.</p>
<p>[ Using <strong>UPX</strong> in non-OpenSource applications without proper credits
is considered not politically correct ;-) ]</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="disclaimer">DISCLAIMER</a></h1>
<p><strong>UPX</strong> comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details see the file LICENSE.</p>
<p>Having said that, we think that <strong>UPX</strong> is quite stable now. Indeed we
have compressed lots of files without any problems. Also, the
current version has undergone several months of beta testing -
actually it's more than 4 years since our first public beta back in 1998.</p>
<p>This is the first production quality release, and we plan that future 1.xx
releases will be backward compatible with this version.</p>
<p>Please report all problems or suggestions to the authors. Thanks.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p><strong>UPX</strong> is a versatile executable packer with the following features:</p>
<pre>
- excellent compression ratio: compresses better than zip/gzip,
use UPX to decrease the size of your distribution !</pre>
<pre>
- very fast decompression: about 10 MB/sec even on my old Pentium 133</pre>
<pre>
- no memory overhead for your compressed executables for most of the
supported formats</pre>
<pre>
- safe: you can list, test and unpack your executables
Also, a checksum of both the compressed and uncompressed file is
maintained internally.</pre>
<pre>
- universal: UPX can pack a number of executable formats:
* atari/tos
* dos/exe
* dos/sys
* dos/com
* djgpp2/coff
* linux/386
* rtm32/pe
* tmt/adam
* watcom/le (supporting DOS4G, PMODE/W, DOS32a and CauseWay)
* win32/pe</pre>
<pre>
- portable: UPX is written in portable endian-neutral C++</pre>
<pre>
- extendable: because of the class layout it's very easy to support
new executable formats or add new compression algorithms</pre>
<pre>
- free: UPX can be distributed and used freely. And from version 0.99
the full source code of UPX is released under the GNU General Public
License (GPL) !</pre>
<p>You probably understand now why we call <strong>UPX</strong> the ``<em>ultimate</em>''
executable packer.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="commands">COMMANDS</a></h1>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="compress">Compress</a></h2>
<p>This is the default operation, eg. <strong>upx yourfile.exe</strong> will compress the file
specified on the command line.</p>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="decompress">Decompress</a></h2>
<p>All <strong>UPX</strong> supported file formats can be unpacked using the <strong>-d</strong> switch, eg.
<strong>upx -d yourfile.exe</strong> will uncompress the file you've just compressed.</p>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="test">Test</a></h2>
<p>The <strong>-t</strong> command tests the integrity of the compressed and uncompressed
data, eg. <strong>upx -t yourfile.exe</strong> check whether your file can be safely
decompressed. Note, that this command doesn't check the whole file, only
the part that will be uncompressed during program execution. This means
that you should not use this command instead of a virus checker.</p>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="list">List</a></h2>
<p>The <strong>-l</strong> command prints out some information about the compressed files
specified on the command line as parameters, eg <strong>upx -l yourfile.exe</strong>
shows the compressed / uncompressed size and the compression ratio of
<em>yourfile.exe</em>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="options">OPTIONS</a></h1>
<p><strong>-q</strong>: be quiet, suppress warnings</p>
<p><strong>-q -q</strong> (or <strong>-qq</strong>): be very quiet, suppress errors</p>
<p><strong>-q -q -q</strong> (or <strong>-qqq</strong>): produce no output at all</p>
<p><strong>--help</strong>: prints the help</p>
<p><strong>--version</strong>: print the version of <strong>UPX</strong></p>
<p>[ ...to be written... - type `<strong>upx --help</strong>' for now ]</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="compression_levels_&_tuning">COMPRESSION LEVELS & TUNING</a></h1>
<p><strong>UPX</strong> offers ten different compression levels from <strong>-1</strong> to <strong>-9</strong>,
and <strong>--best</strong>. The default compression level is <strong>-8</strong> for files
smaller than 512 kB, and <strong>-7</strong> otherwise.</p>
<ul>
<li></li>
Compression levels 1, 2 and 3 are pretty fast.
<p></p>
<li></li>
Compression levels 4, 5 and 6 achieve a good time/ratio performance.
<p></p>
<li></li>
Compression levels 7, 8 and 9 favor compression ratio over speed.
<p></p>
<li></li>
Compression level <strong>--best</strong> may take a long time.
<p></p></ul>
<p>Note that compression level <strong>--best</strong> can be somewhat slow for large
files, but you definitely should use it when releasing a final version
of your program.</p>
<p>Since UPX 0.70 there is also an extra compression level <strong>--best</strong> which
squeezes out even some more compression ratio. While it is usually fine
to use this option with your favorite .com file it may take a long time
to compress a multi-megabyte program. You have been warned.</p>
<p>Quick start for achieving the best compression ratio:</p>
<p>Try <strong>upx --best --crp-ms=999999 --nrv2b -o result_2b.exe</strong> and
<strong>upx --best --crp-ms=999999 --nrv2d -o result_2d.exe</strong>, and keep the smaller
of the two resulting executables.</p>
<p>Details for achieving the best compression ratio:</p>
<ul>
<li></li>
Use the option <strong>--best</strong>.
<p></p>
<li></li>
Try the option <strong>--crp-ms=NUMBER</strong>. This uses more memory during compression
to achieve a (slightly) better compression ratio.
<p>NUMBER must be a decimal value from 10000 to 999999, inclusive.
The default value is 10000 (ten thousand).</p>
<p></p>
<li></li>
Manually compress the program multiple times, thereby trying all available
compression methods and keep the best version. Currently available
compression methods options are <strong>--nrv2b</strong> and <strong>--nrv2d</strong>.
<p></p>
<li></li>
Try if <strong>--overlay=strip</strong> works.
<p></p>
<li></li>
For win32/pe programs there's <strong>--strip-relocs=0</strong>. See notes below.
<p></p></ul>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="overlay_handling_options">OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS</a></h1>
<p><strong>UPX</strong> handles overlays like many other executable packers do: it simply
copies the overlay after the compressed image. This works with some
files, but doesn't work with others.</p>
<p>Since version 0.90 UPX defaults to <strong>--overlay=copy</strong> for
all executable formats.</p>
<pre>
--overlay=copy Copy any extra data attached to the file. [DEFAULT]</pre>
<pre>
--overlay=strip Strip any overlay from the program instead of
copying it. Be warned, this may make the compressed
program crash or otherwise unusable.</pre>
<pre>
--overlay=skip Refuse to compress any program which has an overlay.</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="environment">ENVIRONMENT</a></h1>
<p>The environment variable <strong>UPX</strong> can hold a set of default
options for UPX. These options are interpreted first and
can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters.
For example:</p>
<pre>
for DOS/Windows: set UPX=-9 --compress-icons#0
for sh/ksh/zsh: UPX="-9 --compress-icons=0"; export UPX
for csh/tcsh: setenv UPX "-9 --compress-icons=0"</pre>
<p>Under DOS/Windows you must use '#' instead of '=' when setting the
environment variable because of a COMMAND.COM limitation.</p>
<p>Not all of the options are valid in the environment variable -
<strong>UPX</strong> will tell you.</p>
<p>You can use the <strong>--no-env</strong> option to turn this support off.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="notes_for_the_supported_executable_formats">NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS</a></h1>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="notes_for_atari/tos">NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS</a></h2>
<p>This is the executable format used by the Atari ST/TT, a 68000 based
personal computer which was popular in the late '80s.
See <a href="http://www.freemint.de">http://www.freemint.de</a> for more info.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
All debug information will be stripped, though.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre>
(none)</pre>
<p>
</p>
<h2><a name="notes_for_dos/com">NOTES FOR DOS/COM</a></h2>
<p>Obviously <strong>UPX</strong> won't work with executables that want to read data from
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