5-1239msg3.txt

运用贝叶斯网编的一个识别垃圾邮件的程序

Subject: ' snow ' lexeme in yup ' ik

in linguist vol-5 - 1231 , david prager branner write : > there be talk again on the linguist list about the " great eskimo snow > hoax " . > > . . . i would like to hear from an inuit > or tlingit specialist on just what the snow situation really be in these > language . frankly , i find it rather hard to believe . > > rural southern chinese dialect have lot of word for different kind of > rice , . . . > . . . > so why should n't inuit > have a dozen or more word for different kind of cold precipitation ? when geoff pullum 's book , ' the great eskimo vocabulary hoax , ' come out , i start get quite a number of inquiry from journalist about " word for 's now ' in eskimo . " that motivate me to prepare the append item . please feel free to pass it around . tony woodbury * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * count eskimo word for snow : a citizen 's guide lexeme refer to snow and snow-relate notion in steven a . jacobson 's ( 1984 ) yup ' ik eskimo dictionary [ 1 ] anthony c . woodbury university of texa at austin july 1991 this be a list of lexeme refer to snow and relate notion in one eskimo language , central alaskan yupik ( or just yup ' ik eskimo ) . it be speak by about 13 , 0 people in the coast and river area of southwestern alaska from norton sound to bristol bay . it be one of five eskimo language . ( of these five , probably the best-known be inuit , speak in a series of well-differentiate dialect rang from northern alaska , all across the canadian far north , and up to the coast of greenland . while the term inuit be prefer to eskimo by many in canada , the term be retain here because ( a ) it properly refer to any eskimo group , not only the inuit ; and ( b ) its use be widespread in native community in alaska . ) this be a list of lexeme rather than of word . roughly , a lexeme can be think of as an independent vocabulary item or dictionary entry . it 's different from a word since a lexeme can give rise to more than one distinctly inflect word . thus english have a single lexeme _ speak _ which give rise to inflect form like _ speak _ , _ speak _ , and _ speak _ . it 's especially important to count lexeme rather than word when talk about eskimo language . that 's because they be inflectionally so complicate that each single noun lexeme may have about 280 distinct inflect form , while each verb lexeme may have over 1000 ! obviously , that would put the number of snow word through the roof very quickly . the list be organize accord to lexeme * meaning * . perhap somewhat arbitrarily i have count fifteen of them , place within each of them noun and / or verb lexeme have the same basic sense . and perhap even more arbitrarily , i ' ve group these fifteen meaning into four larger set . but the most arbitrary decision of all be leave to the discretion of the reader-the decision of how to count the lexeme themselve . here be some of the problem you face : ( a ) are all fifteen lexeme meaning really 's now ' - meaning ? that be , do word with these meaning really count for you as word for snow ? [ 2 ] ( b ) there be some synonym present - - alternative lexeme with the same mean , like garbage v . trash in english . are you go to count them separately , or together ? ( c ) if you decide to count synonym together , will you also count together both of the member of noun-verb pair have basically the same mean ? ( the member be , technically speak , separate lexeme since partly idiosyncratic morphological change mark the verbal form , and must therefore be list separately in any truly informative dictionary , as indeed jacobson 's dictionary do . ) ( d ) follow jacobson , i ' ve specially label those lexeme that only occur in a small subpart of the central alaskan yupik - speak region . are you go to try to make count for each separate dialect ? if yes , you will wonder if you really have enough information to do so . ( you ' re not alone in this-such information be difficult to compile , whether or not you be a linguist , and also whether or not you be a native speaker of a language . ) [ 3 ] a . snow particle ( 1 ) snowflake qanuk 's nowflake ' qanir - ' to snow ' qanunge - ' to snow ' [ nun ] qanugglir - ' to snow ' [ nun ] ( 2 ) frost kaneq ' frost ' kaner - ' be frosty / frost sth . ' ( 3 ) fine snow / rain particle kanevvluk ' fine snow / rain particle kanevcir - to get fine snow / rain particle ( 4 ) drift particle natquik 'd rift snow / etc ' natqu ( v ) igte - ' for snow / etc . to drift along grind ' ( 5 ) cling particle nevluk ' cling debris / nevlugte - ' have cling debris / . . . ' lint / snow / dirt . . . ' b . fallen snow ( 6 ) fallen snow on the grind aniu [ ns ] 's now on grind ' aniu - [ ns ] ' get snow on grind ' apun [ ns ] 's now on grind ' qanikcaq 's now on grind ' qanikcir - ' get snow on grind ' ( 7 ) soft , deep fall snow on the grind muruaneq 's oft deep snow ' ( 8 ) crust on fall snow qetrar - [ nsu ] ' for snow to crust ' qerretrar - [ nsu ] ' for snow to crust ' ( 9 ) fresh fall snow on the grind nutaryuk ' fresh snow ' [ hbc ] ( 10 ) fallen snow float on water qanisqineq 's now float on water ' c . snow formation ( 11 ) snow bank qengaruk 's now bank ' [ y , hbc ] ( 12 ) snow block utvak 's now carve in block ' ( 13 ) snow cornice navcaq [ nsu ] 's now cornice , snow ( formation ) about to collapse ' navcite - ' get catch in an avalanche ' d . meterological event ( 14 ) blizzard , snowstorm pirta ' blizzard , snowstorm ' pircir - ' to blizzard ' pirtuk ' blizzard , snowstorm ' ( 15 ) severe blizzard cellallir - , cellarrlir - ' to snow heavily ' pir ( e ) t ( e ) pag - ' to blizzard severely ' pirrelvag - ' to blizzard severely ' appendix : an unorder list of english snow lexeme avalanche blizzard blow snow dust flurry frost hail hardpack ice lens igloo ( inuit iglu ' house ' ) pingo ( inuit pingu ( q ) ' ice lens ' ) powder sleet slushsnow snow bank snow cornice snow fort snow house snow man snow-mix - with-rain ? snowflake snowstorm other ? footnotes 1 . publish by alaska native language center , university of alaska , fairbank . 2 . the indeterminacy and difficulty of this question be due to the fact that word do n't merely match pre-exist thing in the world . rather , they shape and encapsulate idea about thing - - how they be categorize ( compare dog v . canine ) , how we be interact with them ( compare sheep v . mutton ) , how the word function grammatically ( compare the noun cow v . the adjective bovine ) , and how we wish to represent our attitude about them ( compare critter v . varmint ) . it be in connection with this point that discussion of eskimo word for snow first arise ( in the writings of two major 20th century anthropological linguist , franz boa and benjamin lee whorf ) . unfortunately , their point have be pretty much miss by those who insist on count . 3 . here be the dialect area abbreviation use : ns norton sound dialect nsu norton sound , unaliq subdialect hbc hooper bay - chevak y yukon river area subdialect of general central alaskan yupik dialect nun nunivak