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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:15.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:
1.0gd;text-align:center;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:22.0pt;font-family:华文细黑;color:#333399'>派生数据类型</span></b><a
name="第4_3"></a><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:22.0pt;font-family:华文细黑;
color:#333399'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>数据结构是指若干个数据的连接方式，一个复杂的数据往往是由若干个不同类型数据形成的结构。派生类型是指用户利用</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FORTRAN</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>系统内部类型，如数值型、逻辑型、字符型等自行设计出一个新的数据类型，它们实际上是由内部类型数据形成的某种结构。本章主要目的是学会按复杂数据的客观结构形态，由程序员定义出一种派生类型，再结合上将在后面叙述的模块后，可将该类型必需的操作写成内部子程序，连同派生类型一起写在模块中，供程序各单元共同使用，成为数值计算特别是信息管理的有力工具。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:15.6pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:15.6pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:
0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;
text-autospace:none'><a name="第4_3_1"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>4.3.1</span></a><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
楷体_GB2312'> </span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red'>数据结构</span><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
10.5pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>实际生活中的数据，不像数学上的那么理想，只是一个整数、一个实数或一串字符等，实用的数据往往是由许多单一数据彼此联系而形成一种结构。例如数组就是由许多数按前后次序排列的一种数据结构，也即数据是一种数据结构，数组名就结构名。但是数组这种结构有局限性，它一定要求结构内所有成员都是同一种内部类型：或者都是整型，或者都是逻辑型，等等。对于成员有的是整型、有的是字符的数据结构，就不能用数组结构表示，必须由程序员自行定义派生类型。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>本节不讨论数据结构的严密定义，而是通过实例树立数据结构的概念，设计出能反映复杂数据结构的新类型并加以操作。如输入一个班</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>30</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>个学生的姓名及成绩，由于姓名是字符型，成绩是整型，而数据成员只能是一种类型，因此要把姓名作一数组，成绩另作一数组，排名次时要分别作相应调整，非常不便。如果能设计出一种新的派生类型，该类型既包含字符型成员，又有整型成员，再以新类型数据组成一个数组（它们都是同一个派生类型，可以组成数组）就可以在输人输出时只写一个数组名就可既传递人名又传递成绩，非常方便。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>一个数据结构由若干数据组成，每个组成部分称为该结构的成员。表示结构中成员的一股形式：<span
style='color:#FF6600'>结构名％成员名</span>。即在所属结构名后写一个百分号（％）而后写出成员本身名称。这样的成员可以像访问变量一样被访问，包括赋值、打印、引用等。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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