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水木清华BBS

&nbsp;<BR>
A&nbsp;little&nbsp;further&nbsp;out&nbsp;in&nbsp;left&nbsp;field,&nbsp;it&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;even&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;to&nbsp;know&nbsp;Java&nbsp;to&nbsp;write&nbsp;Java&nbsp;programs.&nbsp;<BR>
Intermetrics&nbsp;is&nbsp;beta&nbsp;testing&nbsp;an&nbsp;ADA-95&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;byte&nbsp;code&nbsp;compiler.&nbsp;Other&nbsp;such&nbsp;cross-compilers&nbsp;<BR>
are&nbsp;probably&nbsp;possible&nbsp;including&nbsp;ANSI&nbsp;Fortran-77.&nbsp;However&nbsp;the&nbsp;one&nbsp;most&nbsp;people&nbsp;probably&nbsp;want,&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
C/C++&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;byte&nbsp;code&nbsp;compiler,&nbsp;is&nbsp;probably&nbsp;not&nbsp;possible&nbsp;due&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java's&nbsp;lack&nbsp;of&nbsp;pointers.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
1.5:&nbsp;Where&nbsp;does&nbsp;Javascript&nbsp;fit&nbsp;in?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
To&nbsp;quote&nbsp;from&nbsp;p.&nbsp;31&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;edition&nbsp;of&nbsp;my&nbsp;book,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Java&nbsp;Developer's&nbsp;Resource,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Java&nbsp;and&nbsp;JavaScript&nbsp;are&nbsp;about&nbsp;as&nbsp;closely&nbsp;related&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;Trump&nbsp;Taj&nbsp;Mahal&nbsp;in&nbsp;Atlantic&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;City&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Taj&nbsp;Mahal&nbsp;in&nbsp;India.&nbsp;In&nbsp;other&nbsp;words&nbsp;Java&nbsp;and&nbsp;JavaScript&nbsp;both&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;word&nbsp;Java&nbsp;in&nbsp;their&nbsp;names.&nbsp;JavaScript&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;programming&nbsp;language&nbsp;from&nbsp;Netscape&nbsp;which&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is&nbsp;incorporated&nbsp;in&nbsp;their&nbsp;browsers.&nbsp;It&nbsp;is&nbsp;superficially&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;way&nbsp;C&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;but&nbsp;differs&nbsp;in&nbsp;all&nbsp;important&nbsp;respects.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
1.6:&nbsp;What's&nbsp;the&nbsp;difference&nbsp;between&nbsp;an&nbsp;application&nbsp;and&nbsp;an&nbsp;applet?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
This&nbsp;question&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;answered&nbsp;on&nbsp;many&nbsp;levels.&nbsp;Technically&nbsp;an&nbsp;application&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;Java&nbsp;class&nbsp;that&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
main()&nbsp;method.&nbsp;An&nbsp;applet&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;Java&nbsp;class&nbsp;which&nbsp;extends&nbsp;java.applet.Applet.&nbsp;A&nbsp;class&nbsp;which&nbsp;<BR>
extends&nbsp;java.applet.Applet&nbsp;and&nbsp;also&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;main()&nbsp;method&nbsp;is&nbsp;both&nbsp;an&nbsp;application&nbsp;and&nbsp;an&nbsp;<BR>
applet.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
More&nbsp;generally&nbsp;and&nbsp;less&nbsp;technically&nbsp;an&nbsp;application&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;stand-alone&nbsp;program,&nbsp;normally&nbsp;launched&nbsp;<BR>
from&nbsp;the&nbsp;command&nbsp;line,&nbsp;and&nbsp;which&nbsp;has&nbsp;more&nbsp;or&nbsp;less&nbsp;unrestricted&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;host&nbsp;system.&nbsp;An&nbsp;<BR>
applet&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;program&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;run&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;context&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;applet&nbsp;viewer&nbsp;or&nbsp;web&nbsp;browser,&nbsp;and&nbsp;which&nbsp;has&nbsp;<BR>
strictly&nbsp;limited&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;host&nbsp;system.&nbsp;For&nbsp;instance&nbsp;an&nbsp;applet&nbsp;can&nbsp;normally&nbsp;not&nbsp;read&nbsp;or&nbsp;write&nbsp;<BR>
files&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;host&nbsp;system&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;an&nbsp;application&nbsp;normally&nbsp;can.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;actions&nbsp;of&nbsp;both&nbsp;applets&nbsp;and&nbsp;applications,&nbsp;however,&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;controlled&nbsp;by&nbsp;SecurityManager&nbsp;<BR>
objects.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;change&nbsp;the&nbsp;SecurityManager&nbsp;that's&nbsp;used&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;change&nbsp;what&nbsp;an&nbsp;applet&nbsp;or&nbsp;an&nbsp;<BR>
application&nbsp;is&nbsp;and&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;allowed&nbsp;to&nbsp;do.&nbsp;Thus&nbsp;these&nbsp;are&nbsp;not&nbsp;hard&nbsp;and&nbsp;fast&nbsp;differences,&nbsp;though&nbsp;this&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>
normally&nbsp;how&nbsp;they&nbsp;separate&nbsp;out&nbsp;in&nbsp;practice.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
2&nbsp;What&nbsp;other&nbsp;Java&nbsp;Resources&nbsp;are&nbsp;available?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
2.1Web&nbsp;Sites&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;key&nbsp;site&nbsp;for&nbsp;Java&nbsp;information&nbsp;is&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.javasoft.com/.">http://www.javasoft.com/.</A>&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;Sun's&nbsp;official&nbsp;site&nbsp;for&nbsp;Java,&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;contains&nbsp;the&nbsp;latest&nbsp;published&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;all&nbsp;official&nbsp;Java&nbsp;information.&nbsp;The&nbsp;most&nbsp;important&nbsp;page&nbsp;<BR>
on&nbsp;this&nbsp;site&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;Documentation&nbsp;page&nbsp;at&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.javasoft.com/doc/.">http://www.javasoft.com/doc/.</A>&nbsp;Most&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;pages&nbsp;<BR>
are&nbsp;linked&nbsp;off&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;page&nbsp;or&nbsp;its&nbsp;children.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
For&nbsp;many&nbsp;more&nbsp;web&nbsp;sites&nbsp;see&nbsp;the&nbsp;Cafe&nbsp;Au&nbsp;Lait&nbsp;links&nbsp;page&nbsp;at&nbsp;<BR>
<A HREF="http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/links.html.">http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/links.html.</A>&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
2.2:&nbsp;Mailing&nbsp;Lists&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
There&nbsp;are&nbsp;over&nbsp;sixty&nbsp;different&nbsp;Java&nbsp;related&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;lists.&nbsp;A&nbsp;more-or-less&nbsp;complete&nbsp;list&nbsp;is&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
Cafe&nbsp;Au&nbsp;Lait&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list&nbsp;page&nbsp;at&nbsp;<A HREF="http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/mailinglists.html.">http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/mailinglists.html.</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
2.3:&nbsp;Newsgroups&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
alt.www.hotjava&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;newsgroup&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;discussion&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;HotJava&nbsp;browser.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.announce&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;newsgroup&nbsp;for&nbsp;announcements&nbsp;that&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;of&nbsp;interest&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;developers.&nbsp;See&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.cs.latrobe.edu.au/~leachbj/clj.announce/guidelines.html">http://www.cs.latrobe.edu.au/~leachbj/clj.announce/guidelines.html</A>&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;ridiculously&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;complicated&nbsp;submission&nbsp;guidelines&nbsp;and&nbsp;submission&nbsp;address.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.programmer&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;newsgroup&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;discussion&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Java&nbsp;language.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.machine&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Technical&nbsp;issues&nbsp;about&nbsp;Java&nbsp;not&nbsp;related&nbsp;directly&nbsp;to&nbsp;programming,&nbsp;including&nbsp;virtual&nbsp;machines,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;byte&nbsp;code,&nbsp;classfile&nbsp;format,&nbsp;performance&nbsp;and&nbsp;optimization,&nbsp;possible&nbsp;extensions,&nbsp;porting,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;native&nbsp;methods&nbsp;and&nbsp;interfacing&nbsp;Java&nbsp;with&nbsp;other&nbsp;languages.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.security&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discussion&nbsp;concerning&nbsp;any&nbsp;of&nbsp;Java's&nbsp;security&nbsp;features&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;byte&nbsp;code&nbsp;verification,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SecurityManagers,&nbsp;class&nbsp;loaders,&nbsp;public-key&nbsp;encryption&nbsp;and&nbsp;authentication&nbsp;of&nbsp;classes,&nbsp;holes&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;security&nbsp;model,&nbsp;and&nbsp;similar&nbsp;topics.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.help&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;group&nbsp;is&nbsp;for&nbsp;end-users&nbsp;of&nbsp;Java&nbsp;systems,&nbsp;not&nbsp;programmers.&nbsp;It&nbsp;deals&nbsp;with&nbsp;installation&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems,&nbsp;CLASSPATH&nbsp;problems,&nbsp;the&nbsp;availability&nbsp;of&nbsp;ports&nbsp;to&nbsp;specific&nbsp;platforms,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like.&nbsp;Subject&nbsp;lines&nbsp;should&nbsp;include&nbsp;the&nbsp;platform&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;problem&nbsp;occurs&nbsp;on,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;browser&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;version,&nbsp;for&nbsp;example&nbsp;MacOS&nbsp;7.5&nbsp;Netscape&nbsp;3.0.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.beans&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;JavaBeans&nbsp;component&nbsp;software&nbsp;API&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.databases&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Java&nbsp;and&nbsp;databases,&nbsp;including&nbsp;middleware&nbsp;like&nbsp;java.sql,&nbsp;JDBC,&nbsp;ODBC,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Java&nbsp;based&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;databases&nbsp;like&nbsp;jDB.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.gui&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;AWT&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;GUI&nbsp;enrvironments:&nbsp;windows,&nbsp;dialogs,&nbsp;menus,&nbsp;components,&nbsp;buttons,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;radio&nbsp;buttons,&nbsp;printing,&nbsp;cut&nbsp;and&nbsp;paste,&nbsp;etc.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
comp.lang.java.softwaretools&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Integrated&nbsp;Development&nbsp;Environments&nbsp;(IDEs),&nbsp;web&nbsp;browsers,&nbsp;compilers,&nbsp;applet&nbsp;viewers,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rapid&nbsp;Application&nbsp;Development&nbsp;(RAD)&nbsp;tools,&nbsp;class&nbsp;browsers,&nbsp;visual&nbsp;interface&nbsp;builders,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other&nbsp;tools.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
2.5:&nbsp;Books&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
As&nbsp;of&nbsp;March,&nbsp;1997&nbsp;I&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;four&nbsp;books&nbsp;in&nbsp;particular&nbsp;for&nbsp;those&nbsp;learning&nbsp;the&nbsp;language.&nbsp;The&nbsp;first&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;my&nbsp;own&nbsp;book,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Java&nbsp;Developer's&nbsp;Resource,&nbsp;ISBN:&nbsp;0-13-570789-7,&nbsp;$26.95&nbsp;from&nbsp;Prentice&nbsp;<BR>
Hall.&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;introduction&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;for&nbsp;programmers,&nbsp;regardless&nbsp;of&nbsp;previous&nbsp;experience&nbsp;with&nbsp;C&nbsp;or&nbsp;<BR>
OOP.&nbsp;It&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;available&nbsp;in&nbsp;most&nbsp;bookstores&nbsp;that&nbsp;stock&nbsp;computer&nbsp;books&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;from&nbsp;<BR>
amazon.com,&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0135707897/">http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0135707897/</A>&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;second&nbsp;book&nbsp;I&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;is&nbsp;Java&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;Nutshell:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Desktop&nbsp;Quick&nbsp;Reference&nbsp;for&nbsp;Java&nbsp;<BR>
Programmers&nbsp;by&nbsp;David&nbsp;Flanagan&nbsp;from&nbsp;O'Reilly&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Associates,&nbsp;Inc.,&nbsp;ISBN:&nbsp;1-56592-183-6,&nbsp;<BR>
$19.95.&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;excellent&nbsp;introduction&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java&nbsp;for&nbsp;C&nbsp;and&nbsp;C++&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;and&nbsp;an&nbsp;excellent&nbsp;<BR>
reference&nbsp;for&nbsp;everyone.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
For&nbsp;people&nbsp;with&nbsp;no&nbsp;prior&nbsp;experience&nbsp;in&nbsp;programming&nbsp;I&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;Kris&nbsp;Jamsa's&nbsp;Java&nbsp;Now!,&nbsp;ISBN:&nbsp;<BR>
1-884133-30-4,&nbsp;$16.95,&nbsp;Jamsa&nbsp;Press.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Finally&nbsp;The&nbsp;Java&nbsp;Handbook&nbsp;by&nbsp;Patrick&nbsp;Naughton,&nbsp;$27.95,&nbsp;Osborne/Mcgraw-Hill,&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;moderately&nbsp;<BR>
comprehensive&nbsp;introduction&nbsp;to&nbsp;Java.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
None&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;books&nbsp;cover&nbsp;Java&nbsp;1.1.&nbsp;In&nbsp;fact&nbsp;as&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;writing,&nbsp;no&nbsp;book&nbsp;truly&nbsp;covers&nbsp;Java&nbsp;1.1&nbsp;though&nbsp;<BR>
several&nbsp;claim&nbsp;to.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
For&nbsp;details&nbsp;about&nbsp;these&nbsp;and&nbsp;many&nbsp;more&nbsp;books&nbsp;see&nbsp;the&nbsp;Cafe&nbsp;Au&nbsp;Lait&nbsp;books&nbsp;page&nbsp;at&nbsp;<BR>
<A HREF="http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/books.html">http://sunsite.unc.edu/javafaq/books.html</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
3:&nbsp;Java&nbsp;for&nbsp;C++&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
In&nbsp;the&nbsp;large&nbsp;Java&nbsp;looks&nbsp;like&nbsp;Smalltalk.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;small&nbsp;it&nbsp;looks&nbsp;like&nbsp;C.&nbsp;The&nbsp;syntax&nbsp;of&nbsp;Java&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>
deliberately&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to&nbsp;C.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;know&nbsp;C&nbsp;you&nbsp;already&nbsp;know&nbsp;large&nbsp;chunks&nbsp;of&nbsp;Java.&nbsp;Here,&nbsp;in&nbsp;brief,&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>