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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>&lt;ostream&gt;</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H1><A NAME="&lt;ostream&gt;"><CODE>&lt;ostream&gt;</CODE></A></H1><HR><PRE>namespace std {template&lt;class Elem, class Tr = char_traits&lt;Elem&gt; &gt;    class <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream">basic_ostream</A></B>;typedef basic_ostream&lt;char, char_traits&lt;char&gt; &gt;    <B><A HREF="#ostream">ostream</A></B>;typedef basic_ostream&lt;wchar_t, char_traits&lt;wchar_t&gt; &gt;    <B><A HREF="#wostream">wostream</A></B>;        // INSERTERStemplate&lt;class Elem, class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            const Elem *str);template&lt;class Elem, class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            Elem ch);template&lt;class Elem, class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            const char *str);template&lt;class Elem, class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            char ch);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            const char *str);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            char ch);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            const signed char *str);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            signed char ch);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            const unsigned char *str);template&lt;class Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;char, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr,            unsigned char ch);        // MANIPULATORStemplate class&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#endl">endl</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr);template class&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#ends">ends</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr);template class&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;    basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;        <B><A HREF="#flush">flush</A></B>(basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; ostr);    };</PRE><P>Include the <A HREF="lib_cpp.html#iostreams">iostreams</A>standard header <B><CODE>&lt;ostream&gt;</CODE></B> to definetemplateclass <CODE><A HREF="#basic_ostream">basic_ostream</A></CODE>,which mediates insertions for the iostreams.The header also defines several related<A HREF="ios.html#manipulators">manipulators</A>.(This header is typically included for you by anotherof the iostreams headers. You seldom have occasion to include itdirectly.)</P><H2><A NAME="basic_ostream"><CODE>basic_ostream</CODE></A></H2><HR><P><B><CODE><A HREF="#basic_ostream::basic_ostream">basic_ostream</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::flush">flush</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::put">put</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::seekp">seekp</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::sentry">sentry</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::tellp">tellp</A>&#183; <A HREF="#basic_ostream::write">write</A></CODE></B></P><HR><PRE>template &lt;class Elem, class Tr = char_traits&lt;Elem&gt; &gt;    class <B>basic_ostream</B>        : virtual public basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; {public:    typedef typename basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;::char_type char_type;    typedef typename basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;::traits_type traits_type;    typedef typename basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;::int_type int_type;    typedef typename basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;::pos_type pos_type;    typedef typename basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;::off_type off_type;    explicit <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::basic_ostream">basic_ostream</A></B>(basic_streambuf&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; *strbuf);    class <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::sentry">sentry</A></B>;    virtual <B>~basic_ostream</B>();    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(        basic_ostream&amp; (*pfn)(basic_ostream&amp;));    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(        ios_base;&amp; (*pfn)(ios_base&amp;));    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(        basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; (*pfn)(basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;));    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(        basic_streambuf&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; *strbuf);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(bool val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(short val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(unsigned short val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(int val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(unsigned int val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(long val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(unsigned long val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(float val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(double val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(long double val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></B>(const void *val);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::put">put</A></B>(char_type ch);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::write">write</A></B>(char_type *str, streamsize count);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::flush">flush</A></B>();    pos_type <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::tellp">tellp</A></B>();    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::seekp">seekp</A></B>(pos_type pos);    basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::seekp">seekp</A></B>(off_type off,        ios_base::seek_dir way);    };</PRE><P>The template class describes an object that controlsinsertion of elements and encoded objects into a<A HREF="streambu.html#stream buffer">stream buffer</A>with elements of type <CODE>Elem</CODE>, also known as<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::char_type">char_type</A></CODE>, whose<A HREF="string2.html#character traits">character traits</A> are determined by theclass <CODE>Tr</CODE>, also known as<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::traits_type">traits_type</A></CODE>.</P><P>Most of the member functions that overload<CODE><A HREF="#basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;">operator&lt;&lt;</A></CODE>are <B><A NAME="formatted output functions">formatted output functions</A></B>.They follow the pattern:</P><PRE>    iostate state = goodbit;    const sentry ok(*this);    if (ok)        {try            {&lt;convert and insert elements            accumulate flags in state&gt; }        catch (...)            {try                {setstate(badbit); }            catch (...)                {}            if ((exceptions() &amp; badbit) != 0)                throw; }}    width(0);    // except for operator&lt;&lt;(Elem)    setstate(state);    return (*this);</PRE><P>Two other member functions are<B><A NAME="unformatted output functions">unformatted output functions</A></B>.They follow the pattern:</P><PRE>    iostate state = goodbit;    const sentry ok(*this);    if (!ok)        state |= badbit;    else        {try            {&lt;obtain and insert elements            accumulate flags in state&gt; }        catch (...)            {try                {setstate(badbit); }            catch (...)                {}            if ((exceptions() &amp; badbit) != 0)                throw; }}    setstate(state);    return (*this);</PRE><P>Both groups of functions call<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::setstate">setstate</A>(badbit)</CODE>if they encounter a failure while inserting elements.</P><P>An object of class <CODE>basic_ostream&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;</CODE> stores onlya virtual public base object of class<B><CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios">basic_ios</A>&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;</CODE></B></P><H3><A NAME="basic_ostream::basic_ostream"><CODE>basic_ostream::basic_ostream</CODE></A></H3><PRE>explicit <B>basic_ostream</B>(basic_streambuf&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; *strbuf);</PRE><P>The constructor initializes the base class by calling<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::init">init</A>(strbuf)</CODE>.</P><H3><A NAME="basic_ostream::flush"><CODE>basic_ostream::flush</CODE></A></H3><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>flush</B>();</PRE><P>If <CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::rdbuf">rdbuf</A>()</CODE> isnot a null pointer, the function calls<CODE>rdbuf()-&gt;<A HREF="streambu.html#basic_streambuf::pubsync">pubsync</A>()</CODE>.If that returns -1, the function calls<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::setstate">setstate</A>(badbit)</CODE>.It returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><H3><A NAME="basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;"><CODE>basic_ostream::operator&lt;&lt;</CODE></A></H3><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(    basic_ostream&amp; (*pfn)(basic_ostream&amp;));basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(    ios_base&amp; (*pfn)(ios_base&amp;));basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(    basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp; (*pfn)(basic_ios&lt;Elem, Tr&gt;&amp;));basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(    basic_streambuf&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; *strbuf);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(bool val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(short val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned short val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(int val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned int val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(long val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned long val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(float val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(double val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(long double val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(const void *val);</PRE><P>The first member function ensures that an expression of theform <CODE>ostr &lt;&lt; endl</CODE> calls<CODE><A HREF="#endl">endl</A>(ostr)</CODE>, then returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.The second and third functions ensure that other<A HREF="ios.html#manipulators">manipulators</A>,such as <CODE><A HREF="ios.html#hex">hex</A></CODE> behavesimilarly. The remaining functions are all<A HREF="#formatted output functions">formatted output functions</A>.</P><P>The function:</P><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(    basic_streambuf&lt;Elem, Tr&gt; *strbuf);</PRE><P>extracts elements from <CODE>strbuf</CODE>,if <CODE>strbuf</CODE> is not a null pointer, and inserts them.If <CODE>strbuf</CODE> is a null pointer, the function calls<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::setstate">setstate</A>(badbit)</CODE>.Otherwise, extraction stops on end-of-file,or if an extraction throws an exception (which is rethrown).It also stops, without extracting the element in question,if an insertion fails. If the function inserts no elements, orif an extraction throws an exception, the function calls<CODE><A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::setstate">setstate</A>(failbit)</CODE>.In any case, the function returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><P>The function:</P><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(bool val);</PRE><P>converts <CODE>val</CODE> to a boolean field and inserts it by calling<CODE><A HREF="locale2.html#use_facet">use_facet</A>&lt;num_put&lt;Elem,OutIt&gt;(<A HREF="ios.html#ios_base::getloc">getloc</A>()).<A HREF="locale2.html#num_put::put">put</A>(OutIt(<A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::rdbuf">rdbuf</A>()), *this,getloc(), val)</CODE>. Here, <CODE>OutIt</CODE> is defined as<CODE><A HREF="iterator.html#ostreambuf_iterator">ostreambuf_iterator</A>&lt;Elem,Tr&gt;</CODE>.The function returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><P>The functions:</P><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(short val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned short val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(int val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned int val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(long val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(unsigned long val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(const void *val);</PRE><P>each convert <CODE>val</CODE> to a numeric field and insert it by calling<CODE><A HREF="locale2.html#use_facet">use_facet</A>&lt;num_put&lt;Elem,OutIt&gt;(<A HREF="ios.html#ios_base::getloc">getloc</A>()).<A HREF="locale2.html#num_put::put">put</A>(OutIt(<A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::rdbuf">rdbuf</A>()), *this,getloc(), val)</CODE>. Here, <CODE>OutIt</CODE> is defined as<CODE><A HREF="iterator.html#ostreambuf_iterator">ostreambuf_iterator</A>&lt;Elem,Tr&gt;</CODE>.</P><P>The function returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><P>The functions:</P><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(float val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(double val);basic_ostream&amp; <B>operator&lt;&lt;</B>(long double val);</PRE><P>each convert <CODE>val</CODE> to a numeric field and insert it by calling<CODE><A HREF="locale2.html#use_facet">use_facet</A>&lt;num_put&lt;Elem,OutIt&gt;(<A HREF="ios.html#ios_base::getloc">getloc</A>()).<A HREF="locale2.html#num_put::put">put</A>(OutIt(<A HREF="ios.html#basic_ios::rdbuf">rdbuf</A>()), *this,getloc(), val)</CODE>. Here, <CODE>OutIt</CODE> is defined as<CODE><A HREF="iterator.html#ostreambuf_iterator">ostreambuf_iterator</A>&lt;Elem,Tr&gt;</CODE>. The function returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><H3><A NAME="basic_ostream::put"><CODE>basic_ostream::put</CODE></A></H3><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B><A HREF="#basic_ostream::put">put</A></B>(char_type ch);</PRE><P>The <A HREF="#unformatted output functions">unformatted output function</A>inserts the element <CODE>ch</CODE>. It returns <CODE>*this</CODE>.</P><H3><A NAME="basic_ostream::seekp"><CODE>basic_ostream::seekp</CODE></A></H3><PRE>basic_ostream&amp; <B>seekp</B>(pos_type pos);
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