vicdual.c

这个是延伸mame的在wince平台下的游戏模拟器的代码

/***************************************************************************

VIC Dual Game board memory map (preliminary)

0000-3fff ROM
4000-7fff ROM mirror image (used in most games)
8000-87ff looks like extra work RAM in Safari
e000-e3ff Video RAM + work RAM
e400-e7ff RAM
e800-efff Character generator RAM

I/O ports:

The memory map is the same for many games, but the I/O ports change. The
following ones are for Carnival, and apply to many other games as well.

read:
00        IN0
          bit 0 = connector
          bit 1 = connector
          bit 2 = dsw
          bit 3 = dsw
          bit 4 = connector
          bit 5 = connector
          bit 6 = seems unused
          bit 7 = seems unused

01        IN1
          bit 0 = connector
          bit 1 = connector
          bit 2 = dsw
          bit 3 = vblank
          bit 4 = connector
          bit 5 = connector
          bit 6 = seems unused
          bit 7 = seems unused

02        IN2
          bit 0 = connector
          bit 1 = connector
          bit 2 = dsw
          bit 3 = timer? is this used?
          bit 4 = connector
          bit 5 = connector
          bit 6 = seems unused
          bit 7 = seems unused

03        IN3
          bit 0 = connector
          bit 1 = connector
          bit 2 = dsw
          bit 3 = COIN (must reset the CPU to make the game acknowledge it)
          bit 4 = connector
          bit 5 = connector
          bit 6 = seems unused
          bit 7 = seems unused

write:
	(ports 1 and 2: see definitions in sound driver)

08        ?

40        palette bank

***************************************************************************/

#include "driver.h"
#include "vidhrdw/generic.h"
#include "I8039/I8039.h"



#define	PSG_CLOCK_CARNIVAL	( 3579545 / 3 )	/* Hz */



extern unsigned char *vicdual_characterram;
void vicdual_vh_convert_color_prom(unsigned char *palette, unsigned short *colortable,const unsigned char *color_prom);
void vicdual_characterram_w(int offset,int data);
void vicdual_palette_bank_w(int offset, int data);
void vicdual_vh_screenrefresh(struct osd_bitmap *bitmap,int full_refresh);

void carnival_sh_port1_w(int offset, int data);
void carnival_sh_port2_w(int offset, int data);

int carnival_music_port_t1_r( int offset );

void carnival_music_port_1_w( int offset, int data );
void carnival_music_port_2_w( int offset, int data );


static int protection_data;

void samurai_protection_w(int offset,int data)
{
	protection_data = data;
}

int samurai_input_r(int offset)
{
	int answer = 0;

	if (protection_data == 0xab) answer = 0x02;
	else if (protection_data == 0x1d) answer = 0x0c;

	return (readinputport(1 + offset) & 0xfd) | ((answer >> offset) & 0x02);
}



static struct MemoryReadAddress vicdual_readmem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MRA_ROM },
	{ 0xe000, 0xefff, MRA_RAM },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct MemoryWriteAddress vicdual_writemem[] =
{
	{ 0x7f00, 0x7f00, samurai_protection_w },	/* Samurai only */
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MWA_ROM },
	{ 0xe000, 0xe3ff, videoram_w, &videoram, &videoram_size },
	{ 0xe400, 0xe7ff, MWA_RAM },
	{ 0xe800, 0xefff, vicdual_characterram_w, &vicdual_characterram },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};


static struct MemoryReadAddress samurai_readmem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MRA_ROM },
	{ 0xe000, 0xefff, MRA_RAM },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct MemoryWriteAddress samurai_writemem[] =
{
	{ 0x7f00, 0x7f00, samurai_protection_w },
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MWA_ROM },
	{ 0xe000, 0xe3ff, videoram_w, &videoram, &videoram_size },
	{ 0xe400, 0xe7ff, MWA_RAM },
	{ 0xe800, 0xefff, vicdual_characterram_w, &vicdual_characterram },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};


static struct MemoryReadAddress heiankyo_readmem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MRA_ROM },
	{ 0x8000, 0x8fff, MRA_RAM },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct MemoryWriteAddress heiankyo_writemem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x7fff, MWA_ROM },
	{ 0x8000, 0x83ff, videoram_w, &videoram, &videoram_size },
	{ 0x8400, 0x87ff, MWA_RAM },
	{ 0x8800, 0x8fff, vicdual_characterram_w, &vicdual_characterram },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};


static struct IOReadPort readport_2Aports[] =
{
	{ 0x01, 0x01, input_port_0_r },
	{ 0x08, 0x08, input_port_1_r },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct IOReadPort readport_2Bports[] =
{
	{ 0x03, 0x03, input_port_0_r },
	{ 0x08, 0x08, input_port_1_r },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct IOReadPort readport_3ports[] =
{
	{ 0x01, 0x01, input_port_0_r },
	{ 0x04, 0x04, input_port_1_r },
	{ 0x08, 0x08, input_port_2_r },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct IOReadPort readport_4ports[] =
{
	{ 0x00, 0x00, input_port_0_r },
	{ 0x01, 0x01, input_port_1_r },
	{ 0x02, 0x02, input_port_2_r },
	{ 0x03, 0x03, input_port_3_r },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct IOReadPort readport_samuraiports[] =
{
	{ 0x00, 0x00, input_port_0_r },
	{ 0x01, 0x03, samurai_input_r },	/* bit 1 of these ports returns a protection code */
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};

static struct IOWritePort writeport[] =
{
	{ 0x01, 0x01, carnival_sh_port1_w },
	{ 0x02, 0x02, carnival_sh_port2_w },
	{ 0x40, 0x40, vicdual_palette_bank_w },
	{ -1 }  /* end of table */
};


static struct MemoryReadAddress i8039_readmem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x07ff, MRA_ROM },
	{ -1 }	/* end of table */
};

static struct MemoryWriteAddress i8039_writemem[] =
{
	{ 0x0000, 0x07ff, MWA_ROM },
	{ -1 }	/* end of table */
};

static struct IOReadPort i8039_readport[] =
{
	{ I8039_t1, I8039_t1, carnival_music_port_t1_r },
	{ -1 }
};

static struct IOWritePort i8039_writeport[] =
{
	{ I8039_p1, I8039_p1, carnival_music_port_1_w },
	{ I8039_p2, I8039_p2, carnival_music_port_2_w },
	{ -1 }	/* end of table */
};



INPUT_PORTS_START( depthch_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
    PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON2 )
    PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )
    PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_2WAY )
    PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT | IPF_2WAY )
	PORT_DIPNAME (0x30, 0x30, "Coinage", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x00, "4 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x10, "3 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x20, "2 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x30, "1 Coin/1 Credit" )
    PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
    PORT_BIT( 0x7e, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BITX(0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START( safari_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
    PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP | IPF_8WAY )
    PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN | IPF_8WAY )
    PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_8WAY )
    PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT | IPF_8WAY )
	PORT_BITX(0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON2, "Aim Up", OSD_KEY_A, 0, 0)
	PORT_BITX(0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON3, "Aim Down", OSD_KEY_Z, 0, 0)
    PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
    PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
    PORT_BIT( 0x0e, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME (0x30, 0x30, "Coinage", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x00, "4 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x10, "3 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x20, "2 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING (   0x30, "1 Coin/1 Credit" )
    PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BITX(0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START( frogs_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
    PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_2WAY )
    PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON2 )
    PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT | IPF_2WAY )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x08, 0x00, "Unknown", IP_KEY_NONE )	/* maybe Demo Sounds */
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x08, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x10, 0x10, "Allow Free Game", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "No" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x10, "Yes" )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x20, 0x20, "Time", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "60" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x20, "90" )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x40, 0x40, "Coinage", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "2 Coins/1 Credit" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x40, "1 Coin/1 Credit" )
    PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
    PORT_BIT( 0x7e, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BITX(0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START( sspaceat_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_2WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START2 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 | IPF_COCKTAIL )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_2WAY | IPF_COCKTAIL )
	PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT  | IPF_2WAY | IPF_COCKTAIL )
	PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT  | IPF_2WAY )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x01, 0x00, "Unknown", IP_KEY_NONE )	/* unknown, but used */
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x01, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x0e, 0x0e, "Lives", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x0e, "3" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x0c, "4" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x0a, "5" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x06, "6" )
/* the following are duplicates
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "4" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "4" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x08, "4" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x02, "5" ) */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x10, 0x00, "Unknown", IP_KEY_NONE )	/* unknown, but used */
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x10, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x60, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x80, 0x00, "Show Credits", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x80, "No" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "Yes" )

	PORT_START	/* IN2 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
	PORT_BIT( 0x7e, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BITX(0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START( headon_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START2 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* unknown, but used (sound related?) */
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP    | IPF_4WAY )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
	PORT_BIT( 0x7e, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BITX(0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START ( invho2_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x04, "Head On Lives (1/2)", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "+0" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "+1" )
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x08, 0x00, "Unused", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x08, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP    | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x00, "Head On Lives (2/2)", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "+0" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "+1" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )

	PORT_START	/* IN2 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x00, "Invinco Lives", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "5" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "6" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* timer - unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )	/* probably unused */

	PORT_START	/* IN3 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	/* There's probably a bug in the code: this would likely be the second */
	/* bit of the Invinco Lives setting, but the game reads bit 3 instead */
	/* of bit 2. */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x00, "Unused", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BITX(0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 | IPF_IMPULSE | IPF_RESETCPU, IP_NAME_DEFAULT, IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 30 )
	PORT_BITX(0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON2 | IPF_TOGGLE, "Game Select", IP_KEY_DEFAULT, IP_JOY_DEFAULT, 0 )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START2 )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )
INPUT_PORTS_END

INPUT_PORTS_START ( samurai_input_ports )
	PORT_START	/* IN0 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x04, "Lives", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "3" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "4" )
	PORT_BITX(    0x08, 0x08, IPT_DIPSWITCH_NAME | IPF_CHEAT, "Infinite Lives", IP_KEY_NONE, IP_JOY_NONE, 0 )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x08, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP    | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )

	PORT_START	/* IN1 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* protection, see samurai_input_r() */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x00, "Unknown", IP_KEY_NONE )	/* unknown, but used */
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )	/* seems to be on port 2 instead */
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT  | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT | IPF_4WAY )
	PORT_BIT( 0xc0, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNUSED )

	PORT_START	/* IN2 */
	PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* probably unused */
	PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )	/* protection, see samurai_input_r() */
	PORT_DIPNAME( 0x04, 0x00, "Unused", IP_KEY_NONE )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x04, "Off" )
	PORT_DIPSETTING(    0x00, "On" )
	PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_VBLANK )	/* either vblank, or a timer. In the */
												/* Carnival schematics, it's a timer. */
	PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START1 )