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<hr><p align="left"><small>发信人: beary (京酱肉丝), 信区: Embedded <br>
标 题: 嵌入式系统词汇表 <br>
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri May 19 18:00:56 2000) <br>
<br>
A <br>
ASIC <br>
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware <br>
in a <br>
chip. <br>
address bus <br>
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher <br>
als with <br>
which it communicates. The address bus is used by the processor to select a <br>
specific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the <br>
address <br>
bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely address up to 2^ <br>
n such <br>
locations. <br>
application software <br>
Describes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. The <br>
application software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, s <br>
imply <br>
because each embedded system has a different application. <br>
assembler <br>
A software development tool that translates human-readable assembly language <br>
<br>
programs into machine-language instructions that the processor can understan <br>
d <br>
and execute. <br>
assembly language <br>
A human-readable form of a processor's instruction set. Most processor-speci <br>
fic <br>
functions must be written in assembly language. <br>
B <br>
BSP <br>
See board support package. <br>
binary semaphore <br>
A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex. <br>
board support package <br>
Part of a software package that is processor or platform-dependent. Typicall <br>
y, <br>
sample source code for the board support package is provided by the package <br>
developer. The sample code must be modified as necessary, compiled, and link <br>
ed <br>
with the remainder of the software package. <br>
bond-out processor <br>
A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals broug <br>
ht out <br>
to external pins. A bond-out processor is most often found within an emulato <br>
r and <br>
is never intended to be used in a production system. <br>
breakpoint <br>
A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of t <br>
he <br>
processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing <br>
breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools. <br>
C <br>
CISC <br>
Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor <br>
family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, mult <br>
iple <br>
addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose regis <br>
ters. <br>
Intel's 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC. Contrast with RI <br>
SC. <br>
CPU <br>
Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions. <br>
<br>
compiler <br>
A software development tool that translates high-level language programs int <br>
o the <br>
machine-language instructions that a particular processor can understand and <br>
<br>
execute. <br>
context <br>
The current state of the processor's registers and flags. <br>
context switch <br>
The process of switching from one task to another in a multitasking operatin <br>
g <br>
system. A context switch involves saving the context of the running task and <br>
<br>
restoring the previously-saved context of the other. The piece of code that <br>
does <br>
this is necessarily processor-specific. <br>
counting semaphore <br>
A type of semaphore that is used to track multiple resources of the same typ <br>
e. An <br>
attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the available <br>
<br>
<br>
resources are in use. Contrast with binary semaphore. <br>
critical section <br>
A block of code that must be executed in sequence and without interruption t <br>
o <br>
guarantee correct operation of the software. See also race condition. <br>
cross-compiler <br>
A compiler that runs on a different platform than the one for which it produ <br>
ces <br>
object code. A cross-compiler runs on a host computer and produces object co <br>
de <br>
for the target. <br>
D <br>
DMA <br>
Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two <br>
<br>
peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal interventio <br>
n by <br>
the processor. DMA transfers are managed by a third peripheral called a DMA <br>
controller. <br>
DRAM <br>
Dynamic Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that maintains its contents only <br>
<br>
<br>
as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals. <br>
The <br>
refresh cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM controlle <br>
r. <br>
DSP <br>
See digital signal processor. <br>
data bus <br>
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher <br>
als with <br>
which it communicates. When the processor wants to read (write) the contents <br>
of <br>
a memory location or register within a particular peripheral, it sets the ad <br>
dress <br>
bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the contents on the data bus <br>
. <br>
deadline <br>
The time at which a particular set of computations must be completed. See al <br>
so <br>
real-time system. <br>
deadlock <br>
An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, w <br>
aiting <br>
aiting <br>
for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a deadlock o <br>
ccurs, <br>
the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usually possible <br>
to <br>
prevent deadlocks altogether by following certain software design practices. <br>
<br>
debug monitor <br>
A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for use as <br>
a <br>
debugging tool. It usually resides in ROM and communicates with a debugger v <br>
ia a <br>
serial port or network connection. The debug monitor provides a set of primi <br>
tive <br>
commands to view and modify memory locations and registers, create and remov <br>
e <br>
breakpoints, and execute your program. The debugger combines these primitive <br>
s <br>
to fulfill higher-level requests like program download and single-step. <br>
debugger <br>
A software development tool used to test and debug embedded software. The <br>
debugger runs on a host computer and connects to the target through a serial <br>
port <br>
port <br>
or network connection. Using a debugger you can download software to the tar <br>
get <br>
for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints and examine the conten <br>
ts <br>
of specific memory locations and registers. <br>
device driver <br>
A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and prov <br>
ides a <br>
high-level programming interface to it. <br>
device programmer <br>
A tool for programming non-volatile memories and other <br>
electrically-programmable devices. Typically, the programmable device is ins <br>
erted <br>
into a socket on the device programmer and the contents of a memory buffer a <br>
re <br>
then transferred into it. <br>
digital signal processor <br>
A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU h <br>
as been <br>
optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. <br>
In <br>
addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set <br>
of <br>
complex instructions to perform common signal-processing computations quickl <br>
y. <br>
Common DSP families are TI's 320Cxx and Motorola's 5600x series. <br>
E <br>
EEPROM <br>
Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (Pronounced <br>
"Double-E"-PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically. <br>
EPROM <br>
Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by <br>
<br>
exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed <br>
with <br>
the help of a device programmer. <br>
embedded system <br>
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional <br>
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some <br>
<br>
cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the ca <br>
se of <br>
an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer <br>
. <br>
. <br>
emulator <br>
Short for In-Circuit Emulator (ICE). A debugging tool that takes the place <br>
of-emulates-the processor on your target board. Emulators frequently <br>
incorporate a special "bond-out" version of the target processor that allows <br>
you to <br>
observe and record its internal state as your program is executing. <br>
executable <br>
A file containing object code that is ready for execution on the target. All <br>
that <br>
remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a debuggin <br>
g tool. <br>
F <br>
firmware <br>
Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is m <br>
ost <br>
common among the users of digital signal processors. <br>
flash memory <br>
A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. <br>
Such devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually- <br>
erasable. <br>
Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data storage at v <br>
ery <br>
ery <br>
low cost. In some cases, a large flash memory may even be used instead of a <br>
disk-drive. <br>
G <br>
general-purpose computer <br>
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