libc.texinfo

一个C源代码分析器

                                 beginning of the file.

File Names

* Directories::                 Directories contain entries for files.
* File Name Resolution::        A file name specifies how to look up a file.
* File Name Errors::            Error conditions relating to file names.
* File Name Portability::       File name portability and syntax issues.

I/O on Streams

* Streams::                     About the data type representing a stream.
* Standard Streams::            Streams to the standard input and output 
                                 devices are created for you.
* Opening Streams::             How to create a stream to talk to a file.
* Closing Streams::             Close a stream when you are finished with it.
* Simple Output::               Unformatted output by characters and lines.
* Character Input::             Unformatted input by characters and words.
* Line Input::                  Reading a line or a record from a stream.
* Unreading::                   Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read.
* Formatted Output::            @code{printf} and related functions.
* Customizing Printf::          You can define new conversion specifiers for
                                 @code{printf} and friends.
* Formatted Input::             @code{scanf} and related functions.
* Block Input/Output::          Input and output operations on blocks of data.
* EOF and Errors::              How you can tell if an I/O error happens.
* Binary Streams::              Some systems distinguish between text files
                                 and binary files.
* File Positioning::            About random-access streams.
* Portable Positioning::        Random access on peculiar ANSI C systems.
* Stream Buffering::            How to control buffering of streams.
* Temporary Files::             How to open a temporary file.
* Other Kinds of Streams::      Other Kinds of Streams

Unreading

* Unreading Idea::              An explanation of unreading with pictures.
* How Unread::                  How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading.

Formatted Output

* Formatted Output Basics::     Some examples to get you started.
* Output Conversion Syntax::    General syntax of conversion specifications.
* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions, what they do.
* Integer Conversions::         Details of formatting integers.
* Floating-Point Conversions::  Details of formatting floating-point numbers.
* Other Output Conversions::    Details about formatting of strings,
                                 characters, pointers, and the like.
* Formatted Output Functions::  Descriptions of the actual functions.
* Variable Arguments Output::   @code{vprintf} and friends.
* Parsing a Template String::   What kinds of arguments does
                                 a given template call for?

Customizing Printf

* Registering New Conversions::  
* Conversion Specifier Options::  
* Defining the Output Handler::  
* Printf Extension Example::    

Formatted Input

* Formatted Input Basics::      Some basics to get you started.
* Input Conversion Syntax::     Syntax of conversion specifications.
* Table of Input Conversions::  Summary of input conversions and what they do.
* Numeric Input Conversions::   Details of conversions for reading numbers.
* String Input Conversions::    Details of conversions for reading strings.
* Other Input Conversions::     Details of miscellaneous other conversions.
* Formatted Input Functions::   Descriptions of the actual functions.
* Variable Arguments Input::    @code{vscanf} and friends.

Stream Buffering

* Buffering Concepts::          Terminology is defined here.
* Flushing Buffers::            How to ensure that output buffers are flushed.
* Controlling Buffering::       How to specify what kind of buffering to use.

Other Kinds of Streams

* String Streams::              
* Custom Streams::              

Programming Your Own Custom Streams

* Streams and Cookies::         
* Hook Functions::              

Low-Level I/O

* Opening and Closing Files::   How to open and close file descriptors.
* I/O Primitives::              Reading and writing data.
* File Position Primitive::     Setting a descriptor's file position.
* Descriptors and Streams::     Converting descriptor to stream or vice-versa.
* Stream/Descriptor Precautions::  Precautions needed if you use both
                                    descriptors and streams.
* Waiting for I/O::             How to check for input or output
                                 on multiple file descriptors.
* Control Operations::          Various other operations on file descriptors.
* Duplicating Descriptors::     Fcntl commands for duplicating descriptors.
* Descriptor Flags::            Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
                                 associated with file descriptors.
* File Status Flags::           Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
                                 associated with open files.
* File Locks::                  Fcntl commands for implementing file locking.
* Interrupt Input::             Getting a signal when input arrives.

File System Interface

* Working Directory::           This is used to resolve relative file names.
* Accessing Directories::       Finding out what files a directory contains.
* Hard Links::                  Adding alternate names to a file.
* Symbolic Links::              A file that ``points to'' a file name.
* Deleting Files::              How to delete a file, and what that means.
* Renaming Files::              Changing a file's name.
* Creating Directories::        A system call just for creating a directory.
* File Attributes::             Attributes of individual files.
* Making Special Files::        How to create special files.

Accessing Directories

* Directory Entries::           Format of one directory entry.
* Opening a Directory::         How to open a directory stream.
* Reading/Closing Directory::   How to read directory entries from the stream.
* Simple Directory Lister::     A very simple directory listing program.
* Random Access Directory::     Rereading part of the directory
                                  already read with the same stream.

File Attributes

* Attribute Meanings::          The names of the file attributes,
                                 and what their values mean.
* Reading Attributes::          How to read the attributes of a file.
* Testing File Type::           Distinguishing ordinary files,
                                 directories, links...
* File Owner::                  How ownership for new files is determined,
                                 and how to change it.
* Permission Bits::             How information about a file's access mode
                                 is stored.
* Access Permission::           How the system decides who can access a file.
* Setting Permissions::         How permissions for new files are assigned,
                                 and how to change them.
* Testing File Access::         How to find out if your process can
                                 access a file.
* File Times::                  About the time attributes of a file.

Pipes and FIFOs

* Creating a Pipe::             Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function.
* Pipe to a Subprocess::        Using a pipe to communicate with a child.
* FIFO Special Files::          Making a FIFO special file.

Sockets

* Socket Concepts::             Basic concepts you need to know about.
* Communication Styles::        Stream communication, datagrams, and others.
* Socket Addresses::            How socket names (``addresses'') work.
* File Namespace::              Details about the file namespace.
* Internet Namespace::          Details about the Internet namespace.
* Open/Close Sockets::          Creating sockets and destroying them.
* Connections::                 Operations on sockets with connection state.
* Datagrams::                   Operations on datagram sockets.
* Socket Options::              Miscellaneous low-level socket options.
* Networks Database::           Accessing the database of network names.

Socket Addresses

* Address Formats::             About @code{struct sockaddr}.
* Setting Address::             Binding an address to a socket.
* Reading Address::             Reading the address of a socket.

Internet Domain

* Internet Address Format::     How socket addresses are specified in the
                                 Internet namespace.
* Host Addresses::              All about host addresses of Internet hosts.
* Protocols Database::          Referring to protocols by name.
* Services Database::           Ports may have symbolic names.
* Byte Order::                  Different hosts may use different byte
                                 ordering conventions; you need to
                                 canonicalize host address and port number. 
* Inet Example::                Putting it all together.

Host Addresses

* Abstract Host Addresses::             What a host number consists of.
* Data type: Host Address Data Type.    Data type for a host number.
* Functions: Host Address Functions.    Functions to operate on them.
* Names: Host Names.                    Translating host names to host numbers.

Open/Close Sockets

* Creating a Socket::           How to open a socket.
* Closing a Socket::            How to close a socket.
* Socket Pairs::                These are created like pipes.

Connections

* Connecting::                  What the client program must do.
* Listening::                   How a server program waits for requests.
* Accepting Connections::       What the server does when it gets a request.
* Who is Connected::            Getting the address of the
                                 other side of a connection.
* Transferring Data::           How to send and receive data.
* Byte Stream Example::         An example client for communicating over a
                                 byte stream socket in the Internet namespace.
* Server Example::              A corresponding server program.
* Out-of-Band Data::            This is an advanced feature.

Transferring Data

* Sending Data::                Sending data with @code{write}.
* Receiving Data::              Reading data with @code{read}.
* Socket Data Options::         Using @code{send} and @code{recv}.

Datagrams

* Sending Datagrams::           Sending packets on a datagram socket.
* Receiving Datagrams::         Receiving packets on a datagram socket.
* Datagram Example::            An example program: packets sent over a
                                 datagram stream in the file namespace.
* Example Receiver::            Another program, that receives those packets.

Socket Options

* Socket Option Functions::     The basic functions for setting and getting
                                 socket options.
* Socket-Level Options::        Details of the options at the socket level.

Low-Level Terminal Interface

* Is It a Terminal::            How to determine if a file is a terminal
                                 device, and what its name is.
* I/O Queues::                  About flow control and typeahead.
* Canonical or Not::            Two basic styles of input processing.
* Terminal Modes::              How to examine and modify flags controlling
                                 terminal I/O: echoing, signals, editing.
* Line Control::                Sending break sequences, clearing  buffers...
* Noncanon Example::            How to read single characters without echo.

Terminal Modes

* Mode Data Types::             The data type @code{struct termios} and related types.
* Mode Functions::              Functions to read and set terminal attributes.
* Setting Modes::               The right way to set attributes reliably.
* Input Modes::                 Flags controlling low-level input handling.
* Output Modes::                Flags controlling low-level output handling.
* Control Modes::               Flags controlling serial port behavior.
* Local Modes::                 Flags controlling high-level input handling.
* Line Speed::                  How to read and set the terminal line speed.
* Special Characters::          Characters that have special effects,
                                 and how to change them.
* Noncanonical Input::          Controlling how long to wait for input.

Special Characters

* Editing Characters::          
* Signal Characters::           
* Start/Stop Characters::       

Mathematics

* Domain and Range Errors::     How overflow conditions and the
                                 like are reported.
* Not a Number::                Making NANs and testing for NANs.
* Trig Functions::              Sine, cosine, and tangent.
* Inverse Trig Functions::      Arc sine, arc cosine, and arc tangent.
* Exponents and Logarithms::    Also includes square root.
* Hyperbolic Functions::        Hyperbolic sine and friends.
* Pseudo-Random Numbers::       Functions for generating pseudo-random numbers.
* Absolute Value::              Absolute value functions.

Pseudo-Random Numbers

* ANSI Random::                 @code{rand} and friends.
* BSD Random::                  @code{random} and friends.

Low-Level Arithmetic Functions

* Normalization Functions::     Hacks for radix-2 representations.
* Rounding and Remainders::     Determinining the integer and
                                 fractional parts of a float.
* Integer Division::            Functions for performing integer division.
* Parsing of Numbers::          Functions for ``reading'' numbers from strings.
* Predicates on Floats::        Some miscellaneous test functions.

Parsing of Numbers

* Parsing of Integers::         Functions for conversion of integer values.
* Parsing of Floats::           Functions for conversion of floating-point.

Date and Time

* Processor Time::              Measures processor time used by a program.
* Calendar Time::               Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times.
* Setting an Alarm::            Sending a signal after a specified time.
* Sleeping::                    Waiting for a period of time.

Processor Time

* Basic CPU Time::              The @code{clock} function.
* Detailed CPU Time::           The @code{times} function.

Calendar Time

* Simple Calendar Time::        Facilities for manipulating calendar time.
* High-Resolution Calendar::    A time representation with greater precision.
* Broken-down Time::            Facilities for manipulating local time.
* Formatting Date and Time::    Converting times to strings.
* TZ Variable::                 How users specify the time zone.
* Time Zone Functions::         Functions to examine or specify the time zone.
* Time Functions Example::      An example program showing use of some of
                                 the time functions.

Signal Handling

* Concepts of Signals::         Introduction to the signal facilities.
* Standard Signals::            Particular kinds of signals with standard
                                 names and meanings.
* Signal Actions::              Specifying what happens when a particular
                                 signal is delivered.
* Defining Handlers::           How to write a signal handler function.
* Generating Signals::          How to send a signal to a process.
* Blocking Signals::            Making the system hold signals temporarily.
* Waiting for a Signal::        Suspending your program until a signal arrives.
* Signal Stack::                Using a Separate Signal Stack
* BSD Signal Handling::         Additional functions for backward
                                 compatibility with BSD.

Basic Concepts of Signals

* Kinds of Signals::            Some examples of what can cause a signal.
* Signal Generation::           Concepts of why and how signals occur.
* Delivery of Signal::          Concepts of what a signal does to the process.

Standard Signals

* Program Error Signals::       Used to report serious program errors.