time.texi

一个C源代码分析器

This specifies the Julian day, with @var{n} between @code{1} and @code{365}.
February 29 is never counted, even in leap years.

@item @var{n}
This specifies the Julian day, with @var{n} between @code{0} and @code{365}.
February 29 is counted in leap years.

@item M@var{m}.@var{w}.@var{d}
This specifies day @var{d} of week @var{w} of month @var{m}.  The day
@var{d} must be between @code{0} (Sunday) and @code{6}.  The week
@var{w} must be between @code{1} and @code{5}; week @code{1} is the
first week in which day @var{d} occurs, and week @code{5} specifies the
@emph{last} @var{d} day in the month.  The month @var{m} should be
between @code{1} and @code{12}.
@end table

The @var{time} fields specify when, in the local time currently in
effect, the change to the other time occurs.  If omitted, the default is
@code{02:00:00}.

For example, here is how one would specify the Eastern time zone in the
United States, including the appropriate daylight saving time and its dates
of applicability.  The normal offset from GMT is 5 hours; since this is
west of the prime meridian, the sign is positive.  Summer time begins on
the first Sunday in April at 2:00am, and ends on the last Sunday in October
at 2:00am.

@smallexample
EST+5EDT,M4.1.0/M10.5.0
@end smallexample

The schedule of daylight savings time in any particular jurisdiction has
changed over the years.  To be strictly correct, the conversion of dates
and times in the past should be based on the schedule that was in effect
then.  However, this format has no facilities to let you specify how the
schedule has changed from year to year.  The most you can do is specify
one particular schedule---usually the present day schedule---and this is
used to convert any date, no matter when.  For precise time zone
specifications, it is best to use the time zone information database
(see below).

The third format looks like this:

@smallexample
:@var{characters}
@end smallexample

Each operating system interprets this format differently; in the GNU C
library, @var{characters} is the name of a file which describes the time
zone.

@pindex /etc/localtime
@pindex localtime
If the @code{TZ} environment variable does not have a value, the
operation chooses a time zone by default.  In the GNU C library, the
default time zone is like the specification @samp{TZ=:/etc/localtime}
(or @samp{TZ=:/usr/local/etc/localtime}, depending on how GNU C library
was configured; @pxref{Installation}).  Other C libraries use their own
rule for choosing the default time zone, so there is little we can say
about them.

@cindex time zone database
@pindex /share/lib/zoneinfo
@pindex zoneinfo
If @var{characters} begins with a slash, it is an absolute file name;
otherwise the library looks for the file
@w{@file{/share/lib/zoneinfo/@var{characters}}}.  The @file{zoneinfo}
directory contains data files describing local time zones in many
different parts of the world.  The names represent major cities, with
subdirectories for geographical areas; for example,
@file{America/New_York}, @file{Europe/London}, @file{Asia/Hong_Kong}.
These data files are installed by the system administrator, who also
sets @file{/etc/localtime} to point to the data file for the local time
zone.  The GNU C library comes with a large database of time zone
information for most regions of the world, which is maintained by a
community of volunteers and put in the public domain.

@node Time Zone Functions
@subsection Functions and Variables for Time Zones

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevar char * tzname [2]
The array @code{tzname} contains two strings, which are the standard
three-letter names of the pair of time zones (standard and daylight
savings) that the user has selected.  @code{tzname[0]} is the name of
the standard time zone (for example, @code{"EST"}), and @code{tzname[1]}
is the name for the time zone when daylight savings time is in use (for
example, @code{"EDT"}).  These correspond to the @var{std} and @var{dst}
strings (respectively) from the @code{TZ} environment variable.

The @code{tzname} array is initialized from the @code{TZ} environment
variable whenever @code{tzset}, @code{ctime}, @code{strftime},
@code{mktime}, or @code{localtime} is called.
@end deftypevar

@comment time.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun void tzset (void)
The @code{tzset} function initializes the @code{tzname} variable from
the value of the @code{TZ} environment variable.  It is not usually
necessary for your program to call this function, because it is called
automatically when you use the other time conversion functions that
depend on the time zone.
@end deftypefun

The following variables are defined for compatibility with System V
Unix.  These variables are set by calling @code{localtime}.

@comment time.h
@comment SVID
@deftypevar {long int} timezone
This contains the difference between GMT and local standard time, in
seconds.  For example, in the U.S. Eastern time zone, the value is
@code{5*60*60}.
@end deftypevar

@comment time.h
@comment SVID
@deftypevar int daylight
This variable has a nonzero value if the standard U.S. daylight savings
time rules apply.
@end deftypevar

@node Time Functions Example
@subsection Time Functions Example

Here is an example program showing the use of some of the local time and
calendar time functions.

@smallexample
@include strftim.c.texi
@end smallexample

It produces output like this:

@smallexample
Wed Jul 31 13:02:36 1991
Today is Wednesday, July 31.
The time is 01:02 PM.
@end smallexample


@node Setting an Alarm
@section Setting an Alarm

The @code{alarm} and @code{setitimer} functions provide a mechanism for a
process to interrupt itself at some future time.  They do this by setting a
timer; when the timer expires, the process receives a signal.

@cindex setting an alarm
@cindex interval timer, setting
@cindex alarms, setting
@cindex timers, setting
Each process has three independent interval timers available:

@itemize @bullet
@item 
A real-time timer that counts clock time.  This timer sends a
@code{SIGALRM} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex real-time timer
@cindex timer, real-time

@item 
A virtual timer that counts CPU time used by the process.  This timer
sends a @code{SIGVTALRM} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex virtual timer
@cindex timer, virtual

@item 
A profiling timer that counts both CPU time used by the process, and CPU
time spent in system calls on behalf of the process.  This timer sends a
@code{SIGPROF} signal to the process when it expires.
@cindex profiling timer
@cindex timer, profiling

This timer is useful for profiling in interpreters.  The interval timer
mechanism does not have the fine granularity necessary for profiling
native code.
@c @xref{profil} !!!
@end itemize

You can only have one timer of each kind set at any given time.  If you
set a timer that has not yet expired, that timer is simply reset to the
new value.

You should establish a handler for the appropriate alarm signal using
@code{signal} or @code{sigaction} before issuing a call to @code{setitimer}
or @code{alarm}.  Otherwise, an unusual chain of events could cause the
timer to expire before your program establishes the handler, and in that
case it would be terminated, since that is the default action for the alarm
signals.  @xref{Signal Handling}.

The @code{setitimer} function is the primary means for setting an alarm.
This facility is declared in the header file @file{sys/time.h}.  The
@code{alarm} function, declared in @file{unistd.h}, provides a somewhat
simpler interface for setting the real-time timer.
@pindex unistd.h
@pindex sys/time.h

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftp {Data Type} {struct itimerval}
This structure is used to specify when a timer should expire.  It contains
the following members:
@table @code
@item struct timeval it_interval
This is the interval between successive timer interrupts.  If zero, the
alarm will only be sent once.

@item struct timeval it_value
This is the interval to the first timer interrupt.  If zero, the alarm is
disabled.
@end table

The @code{struct timeval} data type is described in @ref{High-Resolution
Calendar}.
@end deftp

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int setitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{new}, struct itimerval *@var{old})
The @code{setitimer} function sets the timer specified by @var{which} 
according to @var{new}.  The @var{which} argument can have a value of
@code{ITIMER_REAL}, @code{ITIMER_VIRTUAL}, or @code{ITIMER_PROF}.

If @var{old} is not a null pointer, @code{setitimer} returns information
about any previous unexpired timer of the same kind in the structure it
points to.

The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure.  The
following @code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EINVAL
The timer interval was too large.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{old})
The @code{getitimer} function stores information about the timer specified
by @var{which} in the structure pointed at by @var{old}.

The return value and error conditions are the same as for @code{setitimer}.
@end deftypefun

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@table @code
@item ITIMER_REAL
@findex ITIMER_REAL
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the real-time
timer.

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@item ITIMER_VIRTUAL
@findex ITIMER_VIRTUAL
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the virtual
timer.

@comment sys/time.h
@comment BSD
@item ITIMER_PROF
@findex ITIMER_PROF
This constant can be used as the @var{which} argument to the
@code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer} functions to specify the profiling
timer.
@end table

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun {unsigned int} alarm (unsigned int @var{seconds})
The @code{alarm} function sets the real-time timer to expire in
@var{seconds} seconds.  If you want to cancel any existing alarm, you
can do this by calling @code{alarm} with a @var{seconds} argument of
zero.

The return value indicates how many seconds remain before the previous
alarm would have been sent.  If there is no previous alarm, @code{alarm}
returns zero.
@end deftypefun

The @code{alarm} function could be defined in terms of @code{setitimer}
like this:

@smallexample
unsigned int
alarm (unsigned int seconds)
@{
  struct itimerval old, new;
  new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
  new.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
  new.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
  new.it_value.tv_sec = (long int) seconds;
  if (setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &new, &old) < 0)
    return 0;
  else
    return old.it_value.tv_sec;
@}
@end smallexample

There is an example showing the use of the @code{alarm} function in
@ref{Handler Returns}.

If you simply want your process to wait for a given number of seconds,
you should use the @code{sleep} function.  @xref{Sleeping}.

You shouldn't count on the signal arriving precisely when the timer
expires.  In a multiprocessing environment there is typically some
amount of delay involved.

@strong{Portability Note:} The @code{setitimer} and @code{getitimer}
functions are derived from BSD Unix, while the @code{alarm} function is
specified by the POSIX.1 standard.  @code{setitimer} is more powerful than
@code{alarm}, but @code{alarm} is more widely used.

@node Sleeping
@section Sleeping

The function @code{sleep} gives a simple way to make the program wait
for short periods of time.  If your program doesn't use signals (except
to terminate), then you can expect @code{sleep} to wait reliably for
the specified amount of time.  Otherwise, @code{sleep} can return sooner
if a signal arrives; if you want to wait for a given period regardless
of signals, use @code{select} (@pxref{Waiting for I/O}) and don't
specify any descriptors to wait for.
@c !!! select can get EINTR; using SA_RESTART makes sleep win too.

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun {unsigned int} sleep (unsigned int @var{seconds})
The @code{sleep} function waits for @var{seconds} or until a signal
is delivered, whichever happens first.  

If @code{sleep} function returns because the requested time has
elapsed, it returns a value of zero.  If it returns because of delivery
of a signal, its return value is the remaining time in the sleep period.

The @code{sleep} function is declared in @file{unistd.h}.
@end deftypefun

Resist the temptation to implement a sleep for a fixed amount of time by
using the return value of @code{sleep}, when nonzero, to call
@code{sleep} again.  This will work with a certain amount of accuracy as
long as signals arrive infrequently.  But each signal can cause the
eventual wakeup time to be off by an additional second or so.  Suppose a
few signals happen to arrive in rapid succession by bad luck---there is
no limit on how much this could shorten or lengthen the wait.

Instead, compute the time at which the program should stop waiting, and
keep trying to wait until that time.  This won't be off by more than a
second.  With just a little more work, you can use @code{select} and
make the waiting period quite accurate.  (Of course, heavy system load
can cause unavoidable additional delays---unless the machine is 
dedicated to one application, there is no way you can avoid this.)

On some systems, @code{sleep} can do strange things if your program uses
@code{SIGALRM} explicitly.  Even if @code{SIGALRM} signals are being
ignored or blocked when @code{sleep} is called, @code{sleep} might
return prematurely on delivery of a @code{SIGALRM} signal.  If you have
established a handler for @code{SIGALRM} signals and a @code{SIGALRM}
signal is delivered while the process is sleeping, the action taken
might be just to cause @code{sleep} to return instead of invoking your
handler.  And, if @code{sleep} is interrupted by delivery of a signal
whose handler requests an alarm or alters the handling of @code{SIGALRM},
this handler and @code{sleep} will interfere.

On the GNU system, it is safe to use @code{sleep} and @code{SIGALRM} in
the same program, because @code{sleep} does not work by means of
@code{SIGALRM}.

@node Resource Usage
@section Resource Usage

@pindex sys/resource.h
The function @code{getrusage} and the data type @code{struct rusage}
are used for examining the usage figures of a process.  They are declared
in @file{sys/resource.h}.

@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int getrusage (int @var{processes}, struct rusage *@var{rusage})
This function reports the usage totals for processes specified by
@var{processes}, storing the information in @code{*@var{rusage}}.

In most systems, @var{processes} has only two valid values:

@table @code
@comment sys/resource.h