europe

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# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Bulgaria
# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
			1:57	-	TST	1894 Nov 30
			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  3:00
			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
			2:00	Bulg	EET%s	1982 Sep 26  2:00
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s

# Croatia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Czech Republic
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Czech	1944	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
			0:58	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
			1:00	Czech	MET%s	1979 Apr  1 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Denmark
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
			 0:50	-	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
			 0:00	-	WET	1981 Mar 29 1:00
			 0:00	W-Eur	WET%s
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-2:00	-	MGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-2:00	M-Eur	MGT%s	1981 Mar 29
			-1:00	M-Eur	EGT%s
Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-3:00	M-Eur	WGT%s
Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-4:00	-	AST

# Estonia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
			1:39	-	LST	1918 Feb
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1919 Jul
			1:39	-	LST	1921 May
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 22
			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s

# Finland
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Finland	1921	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:40	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
			2:00	Finland	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s

# France
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	France	1911	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	" DST"
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Nov	 4	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
# From Paul Eggert <[e-mail]) (November 18, 1993):
# Shanks gives no times for 1975, but according to Cm722,
# France introduced summer time in 1975 from 20 March to 22 September.
Rule	France	1975	only	-	Mar	20	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1975	only	-	Sep	22	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:05 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
			0:09:05	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
			0:00	France	WET%s	1940 Jun 14
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug 25
			0:00	France	WET%s	1945 Sep 16 3:00
			1:00	France	MET%s	1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Germany
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	" DDST"
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr 2 2:00
			1:00	Germany	MET%s	1980 Apr 6 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Gibraltar
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
			1:00	-	MET	1982 Mar 28 2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Greece
# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Greece	1916	only	-	July	28	0:01	0	-
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
			1:35	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1941 Apr 30
			1:00	Greece	MET%s	1944 Apr  4
			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s

# Hungary
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Jul
			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1941 Apr  6  2:00
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  1 23:00
			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <[e-mail]> (November 6, 1993):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (December 5, 1993):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (December 10, 1993):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
# in Iceland until 1700.
#
# From Paul Eggert <[e-mail]> (December 9, 1993):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#