northamerica

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# @(#)northamerica	7.11
# also includes Central America and the Caribbean

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# [e-mail] for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <[e-mail]> (August 17, 1994):
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
# Oxford University Press (1980).

###############################################################################

# United States

# From Arthur David Olson:
# US Daylight Saving Time ended on the last Sunday of *October* in 1974.
# See, for example, the front page of the Saturday, October 26, 1974
# and Sunday, October 27, 1974 editions of the Washington Post.

# From seismo!munnari!kre:
# I recall also being told by someone once that Canada didn't have
# the DST variations in 74/75 that the US did, but I am not nearly
# sure enough of this to add anything.

# From Arthur David Olson:
# The above has been confirmed by Bob Devine; we'll go with it here.

# From Arthur David Olson:
# Before the Uniform Time Act of 1966 took effect in 1967, observance of
# Daylight Saving Time in the US was by local option, except during wartime.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1967	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1976	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D

# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
# ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967.
#    old			 new
#    Pacific Standard Time(PST)  -same-
#    Yukon Standard Time(YST)    -same-
#    Central Alaska S.T. (CAT)   Alaska-Hawaii St[an]dard Time (AHST)
#    Nome Standard Time (NT)     Bering Standard Time (BST)
#
# ...Alaska's timezone lines were redrawn in 1983 to give only 2 tz.
#    The YST zone now covers nearly all of the state, AHST just part
#    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (January 19, 1989):
# USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
# USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  CENTRAL       6 H  BEHIND UTC    CHICAGO, HOUSTON
# USA  CENTRAL       5 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  MOUNTAIN      7 H  BEHIND UTC    DENVER
# USA  MOUNTAIN      6 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  PACIFIC       8 H  BEHIND UTC    L.A., SAN FRANCISCO
# USA  PACIFIC       7 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
# USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
# USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
# USA  - " -         9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
# USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY

# From Arthur David Olson (January 21, 1989):
# The above dates are for 1988.
# Note the "AKST" and "AKDT" abbreviations, the claim that there's
# no DST in Samoa, and the claim that there is DST in Alaska and the
# Aleutians.

# From Arthur David Olson (February 13, 1988):
# Legal standard time zone names, from United States Code (1982 Edition and
# Supplement III), Title 15, Chapter 6, Section 260 and forward.  First, names
# up to April 1, 1967 (when most provisions of the Uniform Time Act of 1966
# took effect), as explained in sections 263 and 261:
#	(none)
#	United States standard eastern time
#	United States standard mountain time
#	United States standard central time
#	United States standard Pacific time
#	(none)
#	United States standard Alaska time
#	(none)
# Next, names from April 1, 1967 until November 30, 1983 (the date for
# public law 98-181):
#	Atlantic standard time
#	eastern standard time
#	central standard time
#	mountain standard time
#	Pacific standard time
#	Yukon standard time
#	Alaska-Hawaii standard time
#	Bering standard time
# And after November 30, 1983:
#	Atlantic standard time
#	eastern standard time
#	central standard time
#	mountain standard time
#	Pacific standard time
#	Alaska standard time
#	Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
#	Samoa standard time
# The law doesn't give abbreviations.

# From Paul Eggert <[e-mail]> (August 16, 1994):
# Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
# and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, in 1867 when the US purchased it
# from Russia.  We don't have this data pinned down yet, though.

# Easy stuff first--including Alaska, where we ignore history (since we
# can't tell if we should give Yukon time or Alaska-Hawaii time for "old"
# times).

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/New_York	-5:00	US	E%sT
Zone America/Chicago	-6:00	US	C%sT
Zone America/Denver	-7:00	US	M%sT
Zone America/Los_Angeles -8:00	US	P%sT
Zone America/Anchorage	-9:00	US	AK%sT
					# AK%sT is the abbreviation per USNO

# Mainland US areas that are always Standard as of 1986.

Zone America/Fort_Wayne -5:00	US	E%sT	1946
			-5:00	-	EST	# Always EST as of 1986
# From Arthur David Olson (October 28, 1991):
# An article on page A3 of the Sunday, October 27, 1991 Washington Post
# notes that Starke County switched from Central time to Eastern time as of
# October 27, 1991.
Zone America/Knox_IN	-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27 2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	# Always EST as of 1991
Zone America/Phoenix	-7:00	US	M%sT	1946
			-7:00	-	MST	# Always MST as of 1986

# From Arthur David Olson (February 13, 1988):
# However. . .a writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
# notes in private correspondence dated 12/28/87 that "Presently, only the
# Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
# large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
# tribal nations don't use DST.)

Link America/Denver Navajo

# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
# Michigan didn't observe DST from 1968 to 1973.

Zone America/Detroit	-5:00	US	E%sT	1968
			-5:00	-	EST	1973
			-5:00	US	E%sT

# Samoa just changes names.  No DST, per Naval Observatory.
#
# Howse writes that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''

Zone Pacific/Samoa	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
			-11:30	-	SST	1950
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa

Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa

# Aleutian has a name change.  DST, per Naval Observatory.

Zone America/Atka	-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
			-10:00	US	HA%sT

# From Arthur David Olson:
# And then there's Hawaii.
# DST was observed for one day in 1933;
# Standard time was change by half an hour in 1947;
# it's always standard as of 1986.

Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:30	US	H%sT	1933 Apr 30 2:00
			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May  1 2:00
			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8 2:00
			-10:00	-	HST

# Navassa
# no information; probably like US/Eastern


# Old names, for S5 users

# Link	LINK-FROM		LINK-TO
Link	America/New_York	EST5EDT
Link	America/Chicago		CST6CDT
Link	America/Denver		MST7MDT
Link	America/Los_Angeles	PST8PDT
Link	America/Fort_Wayne	EST
Link	America/Phoenix		MST
Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST

################################################################################


# From Paul Eggert <[e-mail]> (November 18, 1993):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# I invented the abbreviation SPST for St Pierre Standard Time; SPDT likewise.
# Corrections are welcome!
#
# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.



# Canada

# Canada is reportedly lots easier than the US--leastways since 1951.
# I don't know what they did before then.
# 4.3BSD claims that it's perfectly regular.
# According to a posting in "comp.bugs.misc", "comp.unix.wizards", etc.
# on February 8, 1987, by Dave Sherman of the Law Society of Upper Canada,
# "...Canada (well, Ontario and at least some of the other provinces) are
# adopting the new daylight savings time rules...".  We assume all of
# Canada is doing so.

# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
# All of Canada did have DST from your first rule except Saskatchewan.
# Which parts did not observe DST is hard to pinpoint but most of the
# province follows the rules.
# NOTE: those that didn't have DST for that rule, also
# probably did not have it for several years previous.

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (January 19, 1989):
# CANADA   NEW FDL    3.5H BEHIND UTC    ST.JOHN'S
# CANADA   NEW FDL    1.5H BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   ATLANTIC   4 H  BEHIND UTC    HALIFAX
# CANADA   ATLANTIC   3 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   EASTERN    5 H  BEHIND UTC    TORONTO, MONTREAL, OTTAWA
# CANADA   EASTERN    4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   CENTRAL    6 H  BEHIND UTC    REGINA, WINNIPEG
# CANADA   CENTRAL    5 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   MOUNTAIN   7 H  BEHIND UTC    CALGARY, EDMONTON
# CANADA   MOUNTAIN   6 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   PACIFIC    8 H  BEHIND UTC    VANCOUVER
# CANADA   PACIFIC    7 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 29
# CANADA   YUKON      SAME AS PACIFIC    DAWSON

# From Arthur David Olson (January 21, 1989):
# April 3 fell on a Sunday in 1988; October 29 fell on a Sunday in 1989.  Ahem.
# Note claim that there's double DST in Newfoundland and that Yukon should
# be same as Pacific.

# From W. Jones ([e-mail]) (November 6, 1992):
# The. . .below is based on information I got from our law library, the
# provincial archives, and the provincial Community Services department.
# A precise history would require digging through newspaper archives, and
# since you didn't say what you wanted, I didn't bother.
#
# Saskatchewan is split by a time zone meridian (105W) and over the years
# the boundary became pretty ragged as communities near it reevaluated
# their affiliations in one direction or the other.  In 1965 a provincial
# referendum favoured legislating common time practices.
#
# On 15 April 1966 the Time Act (c. T-14, Revised Statutes of
# Saskatchewan 1978) was proclaimed, and established that the eastern
# part of Saskatchewan would use CST year round, that districts in
# northwest Saskatchewan would by default follow CST but could opt to
# follow Mountain Time rules (thus 1 hour difference in the winter and
# zero in the summer), and that districts in southwest Saskatchewan would
# by default follow MT but could opt to follow CST.
#
# It took a few years for the dust to settle (I know one story of a town
# on one time zone having its school in another, such that a mom had to
# serve her family lunch in two shifts), but presently it seems that only
# a few towns on the border with Alberta (e.g. Lloydminster) follow MT
# rules any more; all other districts appear to have used CST year round
# since sometime in the 1960s.
#
# Here's how I would summarize things.  Establish a "Saskatchewan" CST
# time zone, and note that it officially exists as of 15 April 1966.  Any
# current exceptions can put themselves in the "Mountain" zone, since
# those are the rules they follow.  Any past exceptions can be forgotten,
# since that's what those who live here have done.

# From Arthur David Olson (November 21, 1992):
# East-Saskatchewan kept to avoid problems for folks using that zone by name;
# plain Saskatchewan added.


# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	StJohns	1884	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S