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eCos操作系统源码

Some notes on the RealTek 8139 driver


1. Using the driver

This driver follows the customization model used by many other drivers
to separate those parts of the code that are device specific from those
that are platform specific by requiring two packages to actually use the
driver -- the driver itself and a platform glue package that contains
only a .cdl and an .inl file (see the devs/i386/pc/rltk8139 package for
an example).

Both the driver and the glue packages must be added to the package
database before you can use them. My entries look like this:

package CYGPKG_DEVS_ETH_RLTK_8139 {
  alias     { "RealTek 8139 ethernet driver"
              devs_eth_rltk_8139 8139_eth_driver }
  hardware
  directory devs/eth/rltk/8139
  script    rltk_8139_eth_drivers.cdl
        description     "Ethernet driver for RealTek 8139 NIC."
}

and

package CYGPKG_DEVS_ETH_I386_RLTK8139 {
  alias     { "Standard PC with RealTek 8139 ethernet device"
              devs_eth_i386_pc_rltk8139 }
  hardware
  directory devs/eth/i386/pc/rltk8139
  script    i386_pc_rltk8139_eth_drivers.cdl
  description "Ethernet driver for the RealTek 8139 family of chips."
}

Finally, you will need to create a new target that includes the RealTek
driver. The easiest way to this is copy an existing target and add the
two packages defined above (and removing the Intel 82259 packages in case
of an i386 pc target).


2. Cache Coherency

Since the 8139 reads data directly from memory via the PCI bus, you may
have to worry about data cache coherency. For eCos, there are basically
three cases (turning the data cache off is not considered a serious solution):

a. Either the CPU has no data cache, or the CPU has cache snooping logic
that will detect memory accesses by PCI bus master devices and flush the cache
when necessary. In this case, nothing special needs to be done.

b. The MMU is configured to access memory uncached in a certain address space.
In this case, the macro CYGARC_UNCACHED_ADDRESS() can be used to convert
normal (cached) into uncached accesses. The driver always uses this macro for
accessing the transmit and receive buffers, since if the HAL doesn't
support this mechanism, the macro does nothing and no harm is done.

c. The data cache needs to be flushed/invalidated by the driver. In this case,
you must define CYGPKG_DEVS_ETH_RLTK_8139_SOFTWARE_CACHE_COHERENCY in the
platform specific .inl file. Furthermore, the HAL macros HAL_DCACHE_INVALIDATE
and HAL_DCACHE_FLUSH must be defined. Next, you must ensure that the buffers
are aligned to cache line boundaries; otherwise, the code could fail in
mysterious ways.

One way to do this is to define the following in the .inl file:

#define CACHE_ALIGNED __attribute__ ((aligned (HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE)))

Then, use this attribute on the transmit and receive buffer definitions:

static cyg_uint8 rltk8139_eth0_rx_ring[RX_BUF_TOT_LEN] CACHE_ALIGNED;

Note that this may fail for long cache lines, since the 'aligned' attribute
does not allow arbitrarily large alignment parameters. Unfortunately, the gcc
documentation does not say what the maximum alignment that can be specified
is. Additionally, the linker may also be limited in the maximum alignment that
can be used. In such cases, you'll have to bite the bullet and define more
space than would be strictly necessary, and ensure the necessary alignment
like this:

static cyg_uint8 rltk8139_eth0_rx_ring[RX_BUF_TOT_LEN + HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE];

Then, reference the buffers in the Rltk8139 definition like this:

(cyg_uint8 *)((int)(&rltk8139_eth0_rx_ring[0] + HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE)
                    & ~(HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE - 1))

This assumes the cache line size is a power of 2; this is the case for all
CPUs I know of. It also assumes an int can hold a pointer; if this is
not true for your platform, use an integral type that can.

Another thing to watch out for is that the buffers should also end on
a cache line boundary. If your linker places the buffers sequentially in
memory, you will only have to do this for the last buffer defined (since
all buffers will start on cache line boundaries):

static cyg_uint8
rltk8139_eth0_tx_buffer[(TX_BUF_TOT_LEN + HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE - 1)
                        & ~(HAL_DCACHE_LINE_SIZE - 1)] CACHE_ALIGNED;


3. Interrupt sharing

If the 8139 must share it's interrupt request line with other devices, the
HAL option 'chained interrupts' must be enabled. The 8139 driver does not
support IRQ muxing like the Intel 82559 driver does (see also *Limitations*).

The driver's ISR does not clear the interrupt status bits since I believe this
should only be done after the conditions that caused those bits to be set
have been handled by the '_deliver' routine. Instead, the interrupt is masked.
There are two ways to do this (configurable with a CDL option):

a. The interrupt vector is masked. Personally I think this is a bad idea
   because this will also block interrupts from all other devices sharing
   this interrupt until the network thread gets around to calling the
   '_deliver' routine.

b. Mask the interrupt request using the 8139's interrupt mask register. This
   way, other devices' interrupt requests can still be serviced. Enable the
   CYGPKG_DEVS_ETH_RLTK_8139_MASK_INTERRUPTS_IN_8139 option to use this.


4. Limitations

There are a number of limitations associated with this driver:

a. The configuration of the NIC (MAC address, media selection, etc.) is
   loaded from the serial EEPROM (which is assumed to exist) and cannot be
   changed either at compile or run time.

b. The 'twister' cannot be tuned. As far as I can make out, the 'twister'
   can be tuned to improve signal quality over long lines. The RealTek
   data sheet does not document the twister; and the code in the Linux
   driver that does this is totally incomprehensible to me.

c. If multiple 8139s share the same interrupt, chained interrupts have to
   be used. No IRQ MUXing (like the Intel 82559 driver has) is supported.

d. Programming the multicast acceptance filter is now implemented, but not
   tested because eCos doesn't have such a test program (or at least I
   couldn't find any). Since I have never used multicasting myself, I don't
   feel competent to write one. Someone suggested setting up an IPv6 network
   for testing, since it seems IPv6 makes use of multicasting in normal
   operation, but I haven't got around to doing that.

e. It's fairly slow. This is not really the driver's fault - the 8139 requires
   a fast CPU to get anything approaching decent speed because all messages
   have to be copied around in memory.


5. Credits

The 8139's data sheet is not really all that helpful, since it contains
a lot of omissions and some data that is simply incorrect. As such, I am
indebted to Bill Paul for his well-documented OpenBSD driver, which was
invaluable for figuring out how the chip is supposed to work. The idea of
using 'enum' instead of '#define' came from the Linux 8139 driver, which I
initially wanted to port to eCos, but didn't because I found it extremely
hard to read and understand. (Note that I didn't copy any code from those
drivers to avoid tainting eCos' license). The basic structure of the driver
and .cdl files was taken from the eCos i82559 driver.

I'd also like all the people who have downloaded and tested the driver, and
contributed bug reports and fixes.