svm.cpp

libsvm-demo,支持向量机的演示程序,对初学者很有用!

}

static void solve_one_class(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param,
	double *alpha, Solver::SolutionInfo* si)
{
	int l = prob->l;
	double *zeros = new double[l];
	schar *ones = new schar[l];
	int i;

	int n = (int)(param->nu*prob->l);	// # of alpha's at upper bound

	for(i=0;i<n;i++)
		alpha[i] = 1;
	if(n<prob->l)
		alpha[n] = param->nu * prob->l - n;
	for(i=n+1;i<l;i++)
		alpha[i] = 0;

	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		zeros[i] = 0;
		ones[i] = 1;
	}

	Solver s;
	s.Solve(l, ONE_CLASS_Q(*prob,*param), zeros, ones,
		alpha, 1.0, 1.0, param->eps, si, param->shrinking);

	delete[] zeros;
	delete[] ones;
}

static void solve_epsilon_svr(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param,
	double *alpha, Solver::SolutionInfo* si)
{
	int l = prob->l;
	double *alpha2 = new double[2*l];
	double *linear_term = new double[2*l];
	schar *y = new schar[2*l];
	int i;

	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		alpha2[i] = 0;
		linear_term[i] = param->p - prob->y[i];
		y[i] = 1;

		alpha2[i+l] = 0;
		linear_term[i+l] = param->p + prob->y[i];
		y[i+l] = -1;
	}

	Solver s;
	s.Solve(2*l, SVR_Q(*prob,*param), linear_term, y,
		alpha2, param->C, param->C, param->eps, si, param->shrinking);

	double sum_alpha = 0;
	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		alpha[i] = alpha2[i] - alpha2[i+l];
		sum_alpha += fabs(alpha[i]);
	}
	info("nu = %f\n",sum_alpha/(param->C*l));

	delete[] alpha2;
	delete[] linear_term;
	delete[] y;
}

static void solve_nu_svr(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param,
	double *alpha, Solver::SolutionInfo* si)
{
	int l = prob->l;
	double C = param->C;
	double *alpha2 = new double[2*l];
	double *linear_term = new double[2*l];
	schar *y = new schar[2*l];
	int i;

	double sum = C * param->nu * l / 2;
	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		alpha2[i] = alpha2[i+l] = min(sum,C);
		sum -= alpha2[i];

		linear_term[i] = - prob->y[i];
		y[i] = 1;

		linear_term[i+l] = prob->y[i];
		y[i+l] = -1;
	}

	Solver_NU s;
	s.Solve(2*l, SVR_Q(*prob,*param), linear_term, y,
		alpha2, C, C, param->eps, si, param->shrinking);

	info("epsilon = %f\n",-si->r);

	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
		alpha[i] = alpha2[i] - alpha2[i+l];

	delete[] alpha2;
	delete[] linear_term;
	delete[] y;
}

//
// decision_function
//
struct decision_function
{
	double *alpha;
	double rho;	
};

decision_function svm_train_one(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param,
	double Cp, double Cn)
{
	double *alpha = Malloc(double,prob->l);
	Solver::SolutionInfo si;
	switch(param->svm_type)
	{
		case C_SVC:
			solve_c_svc(prob,param,alpha,&si,Cp,Cn);
			break;
		case NU_SVC:
			solve_nu_svc(prob,param,alpha,&si);
			break;
		case ONE_CLASS:
			solve_one_class(prob,param,alpha,&si);
			break;
		case EPSILON_SVR:
			solve_epsilon_svr(prob,param,alpha,&si);
			break;
		case NU_SVR:
			solve_nu_svr(prob,param,alpha,&si);
			break;
	}

	info("obj = %f, rho = %f\n",si.obj,si.rho);

	// output SVs

	int nSV = 0;
	int nBSV = 0;
	for(int i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
	{
		if(fabs(alpha[i]) > 0)
		{
			++nSV;
			if(prob->y[i] > 0)
			{
				if(fabs(alpha[i]) >= si.upper_bound_p)
					++nBSV;
			}
			else
			{
				if(fabs(alpha[i]) >= si.upper_bound_n)
					++nBSV;
			}
		}
	}

	info("nSV = %d, nBSV = %d\n",nSV,nBSV);

	decision_function f;
	f.alpha = alpha;
	f.rho = si.rho;
	return f;
}

//
// svm_model
//
/*
struct svm_model
{
	svm_parameter param;	// parameter
	int nr_class;		// number of classes, = 2 in regression/one class svm
	int l;			// total #SV
	svm_node **SV;		// SVs (SV[l])
	double **sv_coef;	// coefficients for SVs in decision functions (sv_coef[n-1][l])
	double *rho;		// constants in decision functions (rho[n*(n-1)/2])
	double *probA;          // pariwise probability information
	double *probB;

	// for classification only

	int *label;		// label of each class (label[n])
	int *nSV;		// number of SVs for each class (nSV[n])
				// nSV[0] + nSV[1] + ... + nSV[n-1] = l
	// XXX
	int free_sv;		// 1 if svm_model is created by svm_load_model
				// 0 if svm_model is created by svm_train
};
*/

// Platt's binary SVM Probablistic Output: an improvement from Lin et al.
void sigmoid_train(
	int l, const double *dec_values, const double *labels, 
	double& A, double& B)
{
	double prior1=0, prior0 = 0;
	int i;

	for (i=0;i<l;i++)
		if (labels[i] > 0) prior1+=1;
		else prior0+=1;
	
	int max_iter=100; 	// Maximal number of iterations
	double min_step=1e-10;	// Minimal step taken in line search
	double sigma=1e-3;	// For numerically strict PD of Hessian
	double eps=1e-5;
	double hiTarget=(prior1+1.0)/(prior1+2.0);
	double loTarget=1/(prior0+2.0);
	double *t=Malloc(double,l);
	double fApB,p,q,h11,h22,h21,g1,g2,det,dA,dB,gd,stepsize;
	double newA,newB,newf,d1,d2;
	int iter; 
	
	// Initial Point and Initial Fun Value
	A=0.0; B=log((prior0+1.0)/(prior1+1.0));
	double fval = 0.0;

	for (i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		if (labels[i]>0) t[i]=hiTarget;
		else t[i]=loTarget;
		fApB = dec_values[i]*A+B;
		if (fApB>=0)
			fval += t[i]*fApB + log(1+exp(-fApB));
		else
			fval += (t[i] - 1)*fApB +log(1+exp(fApB));
	}
	for (iter=0;iter<max_iter;iter++)
	{
		// Update Gradient and Hessian (use H' = H + sigma I)
		h11=sigma; // numerically ensures strict PD
		h22=sigma;
		h21=0.0;g1=0.0;g2=0.0;
		for (i=0;i<l;i++)
		{
			fApB = dec_values[i]*A+B;
			if (fApB >= 0)
			{
				p=exp(-fApB)/(1.0+exp(-fApB));
				q=1.0/(1.0+exp(-fApB));
			}
			else
			{
				p=1.0/(1.0+exp(fApB));
				q=exp(fApB)/(1.0+exp(fApB));
			}
			d2=p*q;
			h11+=dec_values[i]*dec_values[i]*d2;
			h22+=d2;
			h21+=dec_values[i]*d2;
			d1=t[i]-p;
			g1+=dec_values[i]*d1;
			g2+=d1;
		}

		// Stopping Criteria
		if (fabs(g1)<eps && fabs(g2)<eps)
			break;

		// Finding Newton direction: -inv(H') * g
		det=h11*h22-h21*h21;
		dA=-(h22*g1 - h21 * g2) / det;
		dB=-(-h21*g1+ h11 * g2) / det;
		gd=g1*dA+g2*dB;


		stepsize = 1; 		// Line Search
		while (stepsize >= min_step)
		{
			newA = A + stepsize * dA;
			newB = B + stepsize * dB;

			// New function value
			newf = 0.0;
			for (i=0;i<l;i++)
			{
				fApB = dec_values[i]*newA+newB;
				if (fApB >= 0)
					newf += t[i]*fApB + log(1+exp(-fApB));
				else
					newf += (t[i] - 1)*fApB +log(1+exp(fApB));
			}
			// Check sufficient decrease
			if (newf<fval+0.0001*stepsize*gd)
			{
				A=newA;B=newB;fval=newf;
				break;
			}
			else
				stepsize = stepsize / 2.0;
		}

		if (stepsize < min_step)
		{
			info("Line search fails in two-class probability estimates\n");
			break;
		}
	}

	if (iter>=max_iter)
		info("Reaching maximal iterations in two-class probability estimates\n");
	free(t);
}

double sigmoid_predict(double decision_value, double A, double B)
{
	double fApB = decision_value*A+B;
	if (fApB >= 0)
		return exp(-fApB)/(1.0+exp(-fApB));
	else
		return 1.0/(1+exp(fApB)) ;
}

// Method 2 from the multiclass_prob paper by Wu, Lin, and Weng
void multiclass_probability(int k, double **r, double *p)
{
	int t,j;
	int iter = 0, max_iter=100;
	double **Q=Malloc(double *,k);
	double *Qp=Malloc(double,k);
	double pQp, eps=0.005/k;
	
	for (t=0;t<k;t++)
	{
		p[t]=1.0/k;  // Valid if k = 1
		Q[t]=Malloc(double,k);
		Q[t][t]=0;
		for (j=0;j<t;j++)
		{
			Q[t][t]+=r[j][t]*r[j][t];
			Q[t][j]=Q[j][t];
		}
		for (j=t+1;j<k;j++)
		{
			Q[t][t]+=r[j][t]*r[j][t];
			Q[t][j]=-r[j][t]*r[t][j];
		}
	}
	for (iter=0;iter<max_iter;iter++)
	{
		// stopping condition, recalculate QP,pQP for numerical accuracy
		pQp=0;
		for (t=0;t<k;t++)
		{
			Qp[t]=0;
			for (j=0;j<k;j++)
				Qp[t]+=Q[t][j]*p[j];
			pQp+=p[t]*Qp[t];
		}
		double max_error=0;
		for (t=0;t<k;t++)
		{
			double error=fabs(Qp[t]-pQp);
			if (error>max_error)
				max_error=error;
		}
		if (max_error<eps) break;
		
		for (t=0;t<k;t++)
		{
			double diff=(-Qp[t]+pQp)/Q[t][t];
			p[t]+=diff;
			pQp=(pQp+diff*(diff*Q[t][t]+2*Qp[t]))/(1+diff)/(1+diff);
			for (j=0;j<k;j++)
			{
				Qp[j]=(Qp[j]+diff*Q[t][j])/(1+diff);
				p[j]/=(1+diff);
			}
		}
	}
	if (iter>=max_iter)
		info("Exceeds max_iter in multiclass_prob\n");
	for(t=0;t<k;t++) free(Q[t]);
	free(Q);
	free(Qp);
}

// Cross-validation decision values for probability estimates
void svm_binary_svc_probability(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param,
	double Cp, double Cn, double& probA, double& probB)
{
	int i;
	int nr_fold = 5;
	int *perm = Malloc(int,prob->l);
	double *dec_values = Malloc(double,prob->l);

	// random shuffle
	for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++) perm[i]=i;
	for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
	{
		int j = i+rand()%(prob->l-i);
		swap(perm[i],perm[j]);
	}
	for(i=0;i<nr_fold;i++)
	{
		int begin = i*prob->l/nr_fold;
		int end = (i+1)*prob->l/nr_fold;
		int j,k;
		struct svm_problem subprob;

		subprob.l = prob->l-(end-begin);
		subprob.x = Malloc(struct svm_node*,subprob.l);
		subprob.y = Malloc(double,subprob.l);
			
		k=0;
		for(j=0;j<begin;j++)
		{
			subprob.x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
			subprob.y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
			++k;
		}
		for(j=end;j<prob->l;j++)
		{
			subprob.x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
			subprob.y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
			++k;
		}
		int p_count=0,n_count=0;
		for(j=0;j<k;j++)
			if(subprob.y[j]>0)
				p_count++;
			else
				n_count++;

		if(p_count==0 && n_count==0)
			for(j=begin;j<end;j++)
				dec_values[perm[j]] = 0;
		else if(p_count > 0 && n_count == 0)
			for(j=begin;j<end;j++)
				dec_values[perm[j]] = 1;
		else if(p_count == 0 && n_count > 0)
			for(j=begin;j<end;j++)
				dec_values[perm[j]] = -1;
		else
		{
			svm_parameter subparam = *param;
			subparam.probability=0;
			subparam.C=1.0;
			subparam.nr_weight=2;
			subparam.weight_label = Malloc(int,2);
			subparam.weight = Malloc(double,2);
			subparam.weight_label[0]=+1;
			subparam.weight_label[1]=-1;
			subparam.weight[0]=Cp;
			subparam.weight[1]=Cn;
			struct svm_model *submodel = svm_train(&subprob,&subparam);
			for(j=begin;j<end;j++)
			{
				svm_predict_values(submodel,prob->x[perm[j]],&(dec_values[perm[j]])); 
				// ensure +1 -1 order; reason not using CV subroutine
				dec_values[perm[j]] *= submodel->label[0];
			}		
			svm_destroy_model(submodel);
			svm_destroy_param(&subparam);
			free(subprob.x);
			free(subprob.y);
		}
	}		
	sigmoid_train(prob->l,dec_values,prob->y,probA,probB);
	free(dec_values);
	free(perm);
}

// Return parameter of a Laplace distribution 
double svm_svr_probability(
	const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param)
{
	int i;
	int nr_fold = 5;
	double *ymv = Malloc(double,prob->l);
	double mae = 0;

	svm_parameter newparam = *param;
	newparam.probability = 0;
	svm_cross_validation(prob,&newparam,nr_fold,ymv);
	for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
	{
		ymv[i]=prob->y[i]-ymv[i];
		mae += fabs(ymv[i]);
	}		
	mae /= prob->l;
	double std=sqrt(2*mae*mae);
	int count=0;
	mae=0;
	for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
	        if (fabs(ymv[i]) > 5*std) 
                        count=count+1;
		else 
		        mae+=fabs(ymv[i]);
	mae /= (prob->l-count);
	info("Prob. model for test data: target value = predicted value + z,\nz: Laplace distribution e^(-|z|/sigma)/(2sigma),sigma= %g\n",mae);
	free(ymv);
	return mae;
}


// label: label name, start: begin of each class, count: #data of classes, perm: indices to the original data
// perm, length l, must be allocated before calling this subroutine
void svm_group_classes(const svm_problem *prob, int *nr_class_ret, int **label_ret, int **start_ret, int **count_ret, int *perm)
{
	int l = prob->l;
	int max_nr_class = 16;
	int nr_class = 0;
	int *label = Malloc(int,max_nr_class);
	int *count = Malloc(int,max_nr_class);
	int *data_label = Malloc(int,l);	
	int i;

	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		int this_label = (int)prob->y[i];
		int j;
		for(j=0;j<nr_class;j++)
		{
			if(this_label == label[j])
			{
				++count[j];
				break;
			}
		}
		data_label[i] = j;
		if(j == nr_class)
		{
			if(nr_class == max_nr_class)
			{
				max_nr_class *= 2;
				label = (int *)realloc(label,max_nr_class*sizeof(int));
				count = (int *)realloc(count,max_nr_class*sizeof(int));
			}
			label[nr_class] = this_label;
			count[nr_class] = 1;
			++nr_class;
		}
	}

	int *start = Malloc(int,nr_class);
	start[0] = 0;
	for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
		start[i] = start[i-1]+count[i-1];
	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
	{
		perm[start[data_label[i]]] = i;
		++start[data_label[i]];
	}
	start[0] = 0;
	for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
		start[i] = start[i-1]+count[i-1];

	*nr_class_ret = nr_class;
	*label_ret = label;
	*start_ret = start;
	*count_ret = count;
	free(data_label);
}

//
// Interface functions
//
svm_model *svm_train(const svm_problem *prob, const svm_parameter *param)
{
	svm_model *model = Malloc(svm_model,1);
	model->param = *param;
	model->free_sv = 0;	// XXX

	if(param->svm_type == ONE_CLASS ||
	   param->svm_type == EPSILON_SVR ||
	   param->svm_type == NU_SVR)
	{
		// regression or one-class-svm
		model->nr_class = 2;
		model->label = NULL;
		model->nSV = NULL;
		model->probA = NULL; model->probB = NULL;
		model->sv_coef = Malloc(double *,1);

		if(param->probability && 
		   (param->svm_type == EPSILON_SVR ||
		    param->svm_type == NU_SVR))
		{
			model->probA = Malloc(double,1);
			model->probA[0] = svm_svr_probability(prob,param);
		}

		decision_function f = svm_train_one(prob,param,0,0);
		model->rho = Malloc(double,1);
		model->rho[0] = f.rho;

		int nSV = 0;
		int i;
		for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
			if(fabs(f.alpha[i]) > 0) ++nSV;
		model->l = nSV;
		model->SV = Malloc(svm_node *,nSV);
		model->sv_coef[0] = Malloc(double,nSV);
		int j = 0;
		for(i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
			if(fabs(f.alpha[i]) > 0)
			{
				model->SV[j] = prob->x[i];
				model->sv_coef[0][j] = f.alpha[i];
				++j;
			}		

		free(f.alpha);
	}
	else
	{
		// classification
		int l = prob->l;
		int nr_class;
		int *label = NULL;
		int *start = NULL;
		int *count = NULL;
		int *perm = Malloc(int,l);

		// group training data of the same class
		svm_group_classes(prob,&nr_class,&label,&start,&count,perm);		
		svm_node **x = Malloc(svm_node *,l);
		int i;
		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
			x[i] = prob->x[perm[i]];

		// calculate weighted C

		double *weighted_C = Malloc(double, nr_class);
		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
			weighted_C[i] = param->C;
		for(i=0;i<param->nr_weight;i++)
		{	
			int j;
			for(j=0;j<nr_class;j++)
				if(param->weight_label[i] == label[j])
					break;
			if(j == nr_class)
				fprintf(stderr,"warning: class label %d specified in weight is not found\n", param->weight_label[i]);
			else
				weighted_C[j] *= param->weight[i];
		}

		// train k*(k-1)/2 models
		
		bool *nonzero = Malloc(bool,l);
		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
			nonzero[i] = false;
		decision_function *f = Malloc(decision_function,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);

		double *probA=NULL,*probB=NULL;
		if (param->probability)
		{
			probA=Malloc(double,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);
			probB=Malloc(double,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);
		}

		int p = 0;
		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
			for(int j=i+1;j<nr_class;j++)
			{
				svm_problem sub_prob;
				int si = start[i], sj = start[j];
				int ci = count[i], cj = count[j];
				sub_prob.l = ci+cj;
				sub_prob.x = Malloc(svm_node *,sub_prob.l);
				sub_prob.y = Malloc(double,sub_prob.l);
				int k;
				for(k=0;k<ci;k++)
				{
					sub_prob.x[k] = x[si+k];
					sub_prob.y[k] = +1;
				}
				for(k=0;k<cj;k++)
				{
					sub_prob.x[ci+k] = x[sj+k];
					sub_prob.y[ci+k] = -1;
				}

				if(param->probability)
					svm_binary_svc_probability(&sub_prob,param,weighted_C[i],weighted_C[j],probA[p],probB[p]);

				f[p] = svm_train_one(&sub_prob,param,weighted_C[i],weighted_C[j]);
				for(k=0;k<ci;k++)
					if(!nonzero[si+k] && fabs(f[p].alpha[k]) > 0)
						nonzero[si+k] = true;
				for(k=0;k<cj;k++)
					if(!nonzero[sj+k] && fabs(f[p].alpha[ci+k]) > 0)
						nonzero[sj+k] = true;
				free(sub_prob.x);
				free(sub_prob.y);
				++p;
			}

		// build output

		model->nr_class = nr_class;
		
		model->label = Malloc(int,nr_class);
		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
			model->label[i] = label[i];
		
		model->rho = Malloc(double,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);
		for(i=0;i<nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2;i++)
			model->rho[i] = f[i].rho;

		if(param->probability)
		{
			model->probA = Malloc(double,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);
			model->probB = Malloc(double,nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2);
			for(i=0;i<nr_class*(nr_class-1)/2;i++)
			{
				model->probA[i] = probA[i];
				model->probB[i] = probB[i];
			}
		}
		else
		{
			model->probA=NULL;
			model->probB=NULL;
		}

		int total_sv = 0;
		int *nz_count = Malloc(int,nr_class);
		model->nSV = Malloc(int,nr_class);
		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
		{
			int nSV = 0;
			for(int j=0;j<count[i];j++)
				if(nonzero[start[i]+j])
				{	
					++nSV;
					++total_sv;
				}
			model->nSV[i] = nSV;
			nz_count[i] = nSV;
		}
		
		info("Total nSV = %d\n",total_sv);

		model->l = total_sv;
		model->SV = Malloc(svm_node *,total_sv);
		p = 0;
		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
			if(nonzero[i]) model->SV[p++] = x[i];

		int *nz_start = Malloc(int,nr_class);
		nz_start[0] = 0;
		for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
			nz_start[i] = nz_start[i-1]+nz_count[i-1];