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<span style="background-color: #CCFF99">第 2 章</span><span style="background-color: #CCFF99">
</span>><span style="background-color: #CCFF99"> 第 3 节 </span>><span style="background-color: #CCFF99">
2.3.3 字符数组</span></p>
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<p ALIGN="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 10; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">字符数组是指数组的元素类型是字符型，字符数组中的一个元素存放一个字符。</font></p>
<p ALIGN="justify" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">1.
字符数组的定义</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">定义字符数组的语法格式为：</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2" color="#008000">char
<font LANG="ZH-CN">数组名</font>[<font LANG="ZH-CN">常量表达式</font>];</font></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">例如：</font></p>
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char
ch[12];</font></p>
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ch[0]='H';
ch[1]='o'; ch[2]='w'; ch[3]=' '; ch[4]='a'; ch[5]='r'; ch[6]='e';ch[7]=' ';</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
ch[8]='y';
ch[9]='o'; ch[10]='u'; ch[11]='\0';</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font size="2"><font LANG="ZH-CN">定义了一维字符数组</font>ch<font LANG="ZH-CN">，包含</font>12<font LANG="ZH-CN">个元素。赋值以后的状态如图所示。</font></font></p>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[0]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[1]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[2]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[3]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[4]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[5]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[6]</font></td>
<td WIDTH="100" VALIGN="TOP">
<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[7]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[8]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[9]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[10]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[11]</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">H</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">o</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">w</font></td>
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<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2"> </font></p>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">a</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">r</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">e</font></td>
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<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2"> </font></p>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">y</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">o</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">u</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">\0</font></td>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">2.
字符数组的引用</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">可以引用字符数组中的一个元素，得到一个字符。</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">3.
字符数组的初始化</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">对字符数组初始化时有下面两种情况：</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font size="2"><font LANG="ZH-CN">①</font>
<font LANG="ZH-CN">可以对数组元素逐个元素初始化，例如：</font></font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
static
char c[10] = {'I',' ','a','m',' ','h','a','p','p','y'};</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font size="2"><font LANG="ZH-CN">初值个数可以少于数组长度，多余元素自动为</font>'\0'<font LANG="ZH-CN">（</font>'\0'<font LANG="ZH-CN">是二进制</font>0<font LANG="ZH-CN">）。例如：</font></font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
static
char c[10] = {'c',' ','p','r','o','g','r','a','m'};</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">c[9]='\0'<font LANG="ZH-CN">，即</font>c[9]=0<font LANG="ZH-CN">。</font></font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">指定初值时，若未指定数组长度，则长度等于初值个数。例如：</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
char
c[ ] = {'I',' ','a','m',' ','h','a','p','p','y'};</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">等价于：</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
char
c[10 ] = {'I',' ','a','m',' ','h','a','p','p','y'};</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font size="2"><font LANG="ZH-CN">②</font>
<font LANG="ZH-CN">用字符串常量对数组初始化</font></font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
char
c[] = {"I am happy"};</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font LANG="ZH-CN" size="2">也可以这样初始化（不要大括号）：</font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">
char
c[] = "I am happy";</font></p>
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<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></font><font size="2"><font LANG="ZH-CN">字符串在存储时，系统自动在其后加上结束标志</font>'\0'<font LANG="ZH-CN">（占一字节，其值为二进制</font>0<font LANG="ZH-CN">）。但字符数组并不要求其最后一个元素是</font>'\0'<font LANG="ZH-CN">，例如：</font></font></p>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">char
c[] = {"China"};
<img border="0" src="right29.gif" width="161" height="36"></font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">char
c[5] = {"China"};
<img border="0" src="right31.gif" width="137" height="36"></font></p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="2">char
c[8] = {"China"};
<img border="0" src="right30.gif" width="198" height="35"></font></p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
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