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      FDC help: Reference Signals
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    <h2>
      Autopilot subsystem <i>Reference Signals</i>
    </h2>
    <p>The autopilot subsystem <i>Reference Signals</i> supplies the reference
    values of the pitch angle, roll angle, altitude, rate of climb/descent, and
    heading for the different autopilot modes.</p>
     <p>Before starting a new simulation, double-click the block &#39;Select Mode
    and Reference Signals&#39;, or type <code>apstart</code> at the Matlab
    command line in order to define the autopilot modes (and hence, the initial
    switch-settings). The reference signals will be stored by the
    initialization routine <i><a href="apmode.htm">APMODE</a></i> in the
    vectors <i>yrefS</i> and <i>yrefA</i> in the Matlab workspace. These
    vectors are defined as follows:</p> 
    <ul>
      <li>
        <i>yrefS:</i> symmetrical reference signals (pitch angle, altitude,
        rate of climb/descent)
      </li>
      <li>
        <i>yrefA:</i> asymmetrical reference signals (roll angle, heading)
      </li>
    </ul>
    <h3>Symmetrical reference signals:</h3> 
<pre>
 yrefS = [Dtheta_ref, DH_ref, DHdot_ref]
</pre>
    where: 
<pre>
          Dtheta_ref = reference pitch-angle [rad]
          DH_ref     = reference altitude [m]
          DHdot_ref  = reference rate of climb/descent [m/s]
</pre>
    <h3>Asymmetrical reference signals:</h3> 
<pre>
 yrefA = [Dphi_ref, Dpsi_ref]
</pre>
    where: 
<pre>
          Dphi_ref   = reference roll-angle [rad]
          Dpsi_ref   = reference heading [rad]
</pre>
    <h3>
      More information
    </h3>
    <p>See the source-code of <small>APMODE.M</small> for more details on the mode-initialization of
    the autopilot simulation models.</p> 
    <h3>
      <a name="References">References</a>
    </h3>
    <p>A detailed description of the &#39;Beaver&#39; autopilot can be found in the FDC user-manual, and the following references:</p> 
    <ol>
      <li>
        M.O. Rauw: <i>A Simulink environment for Flight Dynamics and Control
        analysis - Application to the DHC-2 &#39;Beaver&#39;</i> (PART II).
        MSc-thesis, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace
        Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands, 1993.
      </li>
      <li>
        P.N.H. Wever: <i>Ontwerp en implementatie van de regelwetten van de De
        Havilland DHC-2 &#39;Beaver&#39;</i> (in Dutch). MSc-thesis, Delft
        University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft, The
        Netherlands, 1993.
      </li>
    </ol>
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