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      FDC help: VOR example
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    <h2>
      The radio-navigation system <i>VOR example</i>
    </h2>
    <p>The system <i>VOR example</i> from the library <i><a href=
    "navlib.htm">NAVLIB</a></i> contains a demonstration of the practical use
    of the VOR blocks. First, the nominal signals are computed in the block
    <i><a href="vor.htm">VOR</a></i>, then, the steady-state error in the VOR
    signal is taken into account in the block <i><a href=
    "vorerr.htm">VORerr</a></i>.</p>
    <p>Double-click the subsystem block <i>VOR
    example</i> to see its internal structure. The blocks <i>VOR</i> and
    <i>VORerr</i> need to be double-clicked too in order to specify
    their parameters. </p>
    <p>A slightly altered version of this block (which uses somewhat different
    I/O definitions) is used by the systems <i><a href="apilot.htm#APILOT2">APILOT2</a></i>
    and <i><a href="apilot.htm#APILOT3">APILOT3</a></i>.</p> 
    <h3>
      Inputvector: <i>x</i>
    </h3>
<pre>
  x = [V alpha beta p q r psi theta phi xe ye H]&#39; (aircraft states)

 {V    : airspeed [m/s]                                         }
 {alpha: angle of attack [rad]                                  }
 {beta : sideslip angle [rad]                                   }
 {p    : roll rate [rad/s]                                      }
 {q    : pitch rate [rad/s]                                     }
 {r    : yaw rate [rad/s]                                       } 
  psi  : yaw angle [rad]
 {theta: pitch angle [rad]                                      }
 {phi  : roll angle [rad]                                       }
  xe   : x-coordinate in Earth-fixed reference frame [m]
  ye   : y-coordinate [m]
  H    : altitude above sea-level [m]
</pre>
    When applied to an autopilot simulation model, these input variables are
    usually <i>outputs</i> from a non-linear aircraft model. The block <i><a
    href="vor.htm">VOR</a></i> which computes the nominal values of the VOR
    signals does <i>not</i> give correct results if a small-deviations model is
    used for the aircraft dynamics! Open the <i><a href="beaver.htm">Beaver</a></i>
    system for an example of such a non-linear aircraft model. 
    <h3>
      Output: <i>Gamma_VOR</i>
    </h3>
<pre>
Gamma_VOR: Angle between the selected VOR-bearing and the line
           from the aircraft&#39;s center of gravity to the VOR antenna [rad]
</pre>
    During simulations, the time-trajectories of the VOR signals and some
    interim results from the block <i>VOR</i> are sent to the matrix
    <i>yvor</i> in the Matlab workspace. Each row from this matrix corresponds
    with the vector <i>yvor_workspace</i> at a certain time <i>t</i>, according
    the following definition: 
<pre>
yvor_workspace = [yvor1; yvor2; yvor3; yvor4]&#39;

yvor1 = Gamma_VOR
yvor2 = R_VOR
yvor3 = [Cone-of-silence-flag, Range-flag]&#39;.
yvor4 = ToFrom

Gamma_VOR : Angle between selected VOR-bearing and line from the
            aircraft&#39;s c.g. to the VOR antenna [rad]
R_VOR     : 2D-distance from origin of Earth-fixed reference
            frame to VOR (as seen from above) [m]
</pre>
    <p>The Cone-of-silence-flag is set to 1 if the aircraft enters the &#39;cone
    of silence&#39;. The Range-flag is set to 1 if the aircraft flies outside
    the area where the VOR signals can be received with appropriate
    reliability.</p>
     <p>The variable <i>ToFrom</i> is set to 1 if aircraft is flying towards the
    VOR antenna or 0 if the aircraft flies away from the antenna.</p>
     <p>For more info about the definitions of the variables, consult the FDC user-manual.</p> 
    <h3>
      <a name="References">References</a>
    </h3>
    <p>For more information about the <i>VOR</i> model, consult the FDC user-manual, and/or:</p> 
    <ol>
      <li>
        M.O. Rauw: <i>A Simulink environment for Flight Dynamics and Control
        analysis - Application to the DHC-2 &#39;Beaver&#39;</i>. MSc-thesis,
        Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering,
        Delft, The Netherlands, 1993.
      </li>
    </ol>
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