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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!-- XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --><title>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ - Apache HTTP Server</title><link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /><link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /><link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head><body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"><p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p><p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</p><img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div><div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div><div id="path"><a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.2</a> > <a href="./">SSL/TLS</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ</h1><div class="toplang"><p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/ssl/ssl_faq.html" title="English"> en </a></p></div><blockquote><p>The wise man doesn't give the right answers,he poses the right questions.</p><p class="cite">-- <cite>Claude Levi-Strauss</cite></p></blockquote><p>This chapter is a collection of frequently asked questions (FAQ) andcorresponding answers following the popular USENET tradition. Most of thesequestions occurred on the Newsgroup <code><a href="news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix">comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix</a></code> or the mod_ssl SupportMailing List <code><a href="mailto:modssl-users@modssl.org">modssl-users@modssl.org</a></code>. They are collected at this placeto avoid answering the same questions over and over.</p><p>Please read this chapter at least once when installing mod_ssl or at leastsearch for your problem here before submitting a problem report to theauthor.</p></div><div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#about">About The Module</a></li><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#installation">Installation</a></li><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutconfig">Configuration</a></li><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutcerts">Certificates</a></li><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutssl">The SSL Protocol</a></li><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#support">mod_ssl Support</a></li></ul></div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="about" id="about">About The Module</a></h2><ul><li><a href="#history">What is the history of mod_ssl?</a></li><li><a href="#wassenaar">mod_ssl and Wassenaar Arrangement?</a></li></ul><h3><a name="history" id="history">What is the history of mod_ssl?</a></h3><p>The mod_ssl v1 package was initially created in April 1998 by <a href="mailto:rse@engelschall.com">Ralf S. Engelschall</a> via porting <a href="mailto:ben@algroup.co.uk">Ben Laurie</a>'s <a href="http://www.apache-ssl.org/">Apache-SSL</a> 1.17 source patches for Apache 1.2.6 to Apache 1.3b6. Because of conflicts with Ben Laurie's development cycle it then was re-assembled from scratch for Apache 1.3.0 by merging the old mod_ssl 1.x with the newer Apache-SSL 1.18. From this point on mod_ssl lived its own life as mod_ssl v2. The first publicly released version was mod_ssl 2.0.0 from August 10th, 1998. </p> <p>After US export restrictions on cryptographic software were loosened, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> became part of the Apache HTTP Server with the release of Apache httpd 2.</p><h3><a name="wassenaar" id="wassenaar">Is mod_ssl affected by the Wassenaar Arrangement?</a></h3><p>First, let us explain what <dfn>Wassenaar</dfn> and its <dfn>Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies</dfn> is: This is a international regime, established in 1995, to control trade in conventional arms and dual-use goods and technology. It replaced the previous <dfn>CoCom</dfn> regime. Further details on both the Arrangement and its signatories are available at <a href="http://www.wassenaar.org/">http://www.wassenaar.org/</a>.</p> <p>In short, the aim of the Wassenaar Arrangement is to prevent the build up of military capabilities that threaten regional and international security and stability. The Wassenaar Arrangement controls the export of cryptography as a dual-use good, that is, something that has both military and civilian applications. However, the Wassenaar Arrangement also provides an exemption from export controls for mass-market software and free software.</p> <p>In the current Wassenaar <cite>List of Dual Use Goods and Technologies And Munitions</cite>, under <q>GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE (GSN)</q> it says <q>The Lists do not control "software" which is either: 1. [...] 2. "in the public domain".</q> And under <q>DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THESE LISTS</q> we find <q>In the public domain</q> defined as <q>"technology" or "software" which has been made available without restrictions upon its further dissemination. Note: Copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being "in the public domain".</q></p> <p>So, both mod_ssl and OpenSSL are <q>in the public domain</q> for the purposes of the Wassenaar Arrangement and its <q>List of Dual Use Goods and Technologies And Munitions List</q>, and thus not affected by its provisions.</p></div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="installation" id="installation">Installation</a></h2><ul><li><a href="#mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></li><li><a href="#entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error "Failed to generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start Apache?</a></li></ul><h3><a name="mutex" id="mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></h3> <p>Errors such as ``<code>mod_ssl: Child could not open SSLMutex lockfile /opt/apache/logs/ssl_mutex.18332 (System error follows) [...] System: Permission denied (errno: 13)</code>'' are usually caused by overly restrictive permissions on the <em>parent</em> directories. Make sure that all parent directories (here <code>/opt</code>, <code>/opt/apache</code> and <code>/opt/apache/logs</code>) have the x-bit set for, at minimum, the UID under which Apache's children are running (see the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mpm_common.html#user">User</a></code> directive).</p><h3><a name="entropy" id="entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error "Failed to generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start Apache?</a></h3> <p>Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data to work correctly. Many open source operating systems provide a "randomness device" that serves this purpose (usually named <code>/dev/random</code>). On other systems, applications have to seed the OpenSSL Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) manually with appropriate data before generating keys or performing public key encryption. As of version 0.9.5, the OpenSSL functions that need randomness report an error if the PRNG has not been seeded with at least 128 bits of randomness.</p> <p>To prevent this error, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> has to provide enough entropy to the PRNG to allow it to work correctly. This can be done via the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code> directive.</p></div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="aboutconfig" id="aboutconfig">Configuration</a></h2><ul><li><a href="#parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS from the same server?</a></li><li><a href="#ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></li><li><a href="#httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing purposes?</a></li><li><a href="#hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect to my SSL-aware Apache server?</a></li><li><a href="#refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' errors, when trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></li><li><a href="#envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables notavailable to my CGI & SSI scripts?</a></li><li><a href="#relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in relative hyperlinks?</a></li></ul><h3><a name="parallel" id="parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS from the same server?</a></h3> <p>Yes. HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports (HTTP binds to port 80, HTTPS to port 443), so there is no direct conflict between them. You can either run two separate server instances bound to these ports, or use Apache's elegant virtual hosting facility to create two virtual servers, both served by the same instance of Apache - one responding over HTTP to requests on port 80, and the other responding over HTTPS to requests on port 443.</p><h3><a name="ports" id="ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></h3><p>You can run HTTPS on any port, but the standards specify port 443, which is where any HTTPS compliant browser will look by default. You can force your browser to look on a different port by specifying it in the URL. For example, if your server is set up to serve pages over HTTPS on port 8080, you can access them at <code>https://example.com:8080/</code></p><h3><a name="httpstest" id="httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing purposes?</a></h3> <p>While you usually just use</p> <div class="example"><p><code>$ telnet localhost 80<br /> GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div> <p>for simple testing of Apache via HTTP, it's not so easy for HTTPS because of the SSL protocol between TCP and HTTP. With the help of OpenSSL's <code>s_client</code> command, however, you can do a similar check via HTTPS:</p> <div class="example"><p><code>$ openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -state -debug<br /> GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div> <p>Before the actual HTTP response you will receive detailed information about the SSL handshake. For a more general command line client which directly understands both HTTP and HTTPS, can perform GET and POST operations, can use a proxy, supports byte ranges, etc. you should have a look at the nifty <a href="http://curl.haxx.se/">cURL</a> tool. Using this, you can check that Apache is responding correctly to requests via HTTP and HTTPS as follows:</p> <div class="example"><p><code>$ curl http://localhost/<br /> $ curl https://localhost/</code></p></div><h3><a name="hang" id="hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect to my SSL-aware Apache server?</a></h3><p>This can happen when you try to connect to a HTTPS server (or virtual server) via HTTP (eg, using <code>http://example.com/</code> instead of <code>https://example.com</code>). It can also happen when trying to connect via HTTPS to a HTTP server (eg, using <code>https://example.com/</code> on a server which doesn't support HTTPS, or which supports it on a non-standard port). Make sure that you're connecting to a (virtual) server that supports SSL.</p><h3><a name="refused" id="refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' messages, when trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></h3><p> This error can be caused by an incorrect configuration. Please make sure that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mpm_common.html#listen">Listen</a></code> directives match your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code> directives. If all else fails, please start afresh, using the default configuration provided by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code>.</p><h3><a name="envvars" id="envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables not available to my CGI & SSI scripts?</a></h3><p>Please make sure you have ``<code>SSLOptions +StdEnvVars</code>'' enabled for the context of your CGI/SSI requests.</p><h3><a name="relative" id="relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in relative hyperlinks?</a></h3><p>Usually, to switch between HTTP and HTTPS, you have to use fully-qualified hyperlinks (because you have to change the URL scheme). Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> however, you can manipulate relative hyperlinks, to achieve the same effect.</p> <div class="example"><p><code> RewriteEngine on<br /> RewriteRule ^/(.*):SSL$ https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L]<br /> RewriteRule ^/(.*):NOSSL$ http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L] </code></p></div> <p>This rewrite ruleset lets you use hyperlinks of the form <code><a href="document.html:SSL"></code>, to switch to HTTPS in a relative link. (Replace SSL with NOSSL to switch to HTTP.)</p></div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="aboutcerts" id="aboutcerts">Certificates</a></h2><ul><li><a href="#keyscerts">What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and Certificates?</a></li><li><a href="#startup">Is there a difference on startup betweena non-SSL-aware Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</a></li><li><a href="#selfcert">How do I create a self-signed SSL Certificate for testing purposes?</a></li><li><a href="#realcert">How do I create a real SSL Certificate?</a></li><li><a href="#ownca">How do I create and use my own Certificate Authority (CA)?</a></li><li><a href="#passphrase">How can I change the pass-phrase on my private key file?</a></li>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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