postgres-ref.sgml

postgresql8.3.4源码,开源数据库

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PostgreSQL documentation
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<refentry id="app-postgres">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle><application>postgres</application></refentrytitle>
  <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  <refmiscinfo>Application</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>

 <refnamediv>
  <refname>postgres</refname>
  <refpurpose><productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database server</refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>

 <indexterm zone="app-postgres">
  <primary>postgres</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <cmdsynopsis>
   <command>postgres</command>
   <arg rep="repeat"><replaceable>option</></arg>
  </cmdsynopsis>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Description</title>

  <para>
   <command>postgres</command> is the
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database server.  In order
   for a client application to access a database it connects (over a
   network or locally) to a running <command>postgres</command> instance.
   The <command>postgres</command> instance then starts a separate server
   process to handle the connection.
  </para>

  <para>
   One <command>postgres</command> instance always manages the data of
   exactly one database cluster.  A database cluster is a collection
   of databases that is stored at a common file system location (the
   <quote>data area</quote>).  More than one
   <command>postgres</command> instance can run on a system at one
   time, so long as they use different data areas and different
   communication ports (see below).  When
   <command>postgres</command> starts it needs to know the location
   of the data area.  The location must be specified by the
   <option>-D</option> option or the <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment
   variable; there is no default.  Typically, <option>-D</option> or
   <envar>PGDATA</envar> points directly to the data area directory
   created by <xref linkend="app-initdb">.  Other possible file layouts are
   discussed in <xref linkend="runtime-config-file-locations">.
  </para>

  <para>
   By default <command>postgres</command> starts in the
   foreground and prints log messages to the standard error stream.  In
   practical applications <command>postgres</command>
   should be started as a background process, perhaps at boot time.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <command>postgres</command> command can also be called in
   single-user mode.  The primary use for this mode is during
   bootstrapping by <xref linkend="app-initdb">.  Sometimes it is used
   for debugging or disaster recovery (but note that running a single-user
   server is not truly suitable for debugging the server, since no
   realistic interprocess communication and locking will happen).
   When invoked in single-user
   mode from the shell, the user can enter queries and the results
   will be printed to the screen, but in a form that is more useful
   for developers than end users.  In the single-user mode,
   the session user will be set to the user with ID 1, and implicit
   superuser powers are granted to this user.
   This user does not actually have to exist, so the single-user mode
   can be used to manually recover from certain
   kinds of accidental damage to the system catalogs.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="app-postgres-options">
  <title>Options</title>

   <para>
    <command>postgres</command> accepts the following command-line
    arguments.  For a detailed discussion of the options consult <xref
    linkend="runtime-config">.  You can save typing most of these
    options by setting up a configuration file.  Some (safe) options
    can also be set from the connecting client in an
    application-dependent way to apply only for that session.  For
    example, if the environment variable <envar>PGOPTIONS</envar> is
    set, then <application>libpq</>-based clients will pass that
    string to the server, which will interpret it as
    <command>postgres</command> command-line options.
   </para>

   <refsect2>
    <title>General Purpose</title>
    
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-A 0|1</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables run-time assertion checks, which is a debugging aid to
        detect programming mistakes.  This option is only available if
        assertions were enabled when <productname>PostgreSQL</> was
        compiled. If so, the default is on.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-B <replaceable class="parameter">nbuffers</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the number of shared buffers for use by the server
        processes.  The default value of this parameter is chosen
        automatically by <application>initdb</application>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the
        <xref linkend="guc-shared-buffers"> configuration parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-c <replaceable>name</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets a named run-time parameter. The configuration parameters
        supported by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> are
        described in <xref linkend="runtime-config">. Most of the
        other command line options are in fact short forms of such a
        parameter assignment.  <option>-c</> can appear multiple times
        to set multiple parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-d <replaceable>debug-level</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the debug level.  The higher this value is set, the more
        debugging output is written to the server log.  Values are
        from 1 to 5.  It is also possible to pass <literal>-d
        0</literal> for a specific session, which will prevent the
        server log level of the parent <command>postgres</> process from being
        propagated to this session.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-D <replaceable class="parameter">datadir</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the file system location of the data directory or
        configuration file(s).  See
        <xref linkend="runtime-config-file-locations"> for details.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-e</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the default date style to <quote>European</quote>, that is
        <literal>DMY</> ordering of input date fields.  This also causes
        the day to be printed before the month in certain date output formats.
        See <xref linkend="datatype-datetime"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-F</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Disables <function>fsync</function> calls for improved
        performance, at the risk of data corruption in the event of a
        system crash.  Specifying this option is equivalent to
        disabling the <xref linkend="guc-fsync"> configuration
        parameter. Read the detailed documentation before using this!
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-h <replaceable class="parameter">hostname</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the IP host name or address on which
        <command>postgres</command> is to listen for TCP/IP
        connections from client applications.  The value can also be a
        comma-separated list of addresses, or <literal>*</> to specify
        listening on all available interfaces.  An empty value
        specifies not listening on any IP addresses, in which case
        only Unix-domain sockets can be used to connect to the
        server.  Defaults to listening only on
        <systemitem class="systemname">localhost</systemitem>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the <xref
        linkend="guc-listen-addresses"> configuration parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-i</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allows remote clients to connect via TCP/IP (Internet domain)
        connections.  Without this option, only local connections are
        accepted.  This option is equivalent to setting
        <varname>listen_addresses</> to <literal>*</> in
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> or via <option>-h</>.
       </para>
       <para>
        This option is deprecated since it does not allow access to the
        full functionality of <xref linkend="guc-listen-addresses">.
        It's usually better to set <varname>listen_addresses</> directly.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-k <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the directory of the Unix-domain socket on which
        <command>postgres</command> is to listen for
        connections from client applications.  The default is normally
        <filename>/tmp</filename>, but can be changed at build time.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-l</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables secure connections using <acronym>SSL</acronym>.
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> must have been compiled with
        support for <acronym>SSL</acronym> for this option to be
        available. For more information on using <acronym>SSL</acronym>,
        refer to <xref linkend="ssl-tcp">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-N <replaceable class="parameter">max-connections</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the maximum number of client connections that this
        server will accept.  The default value of this parameter is chosen
        automatically by <application>initdb</application>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the
        <xref linkend="guc-max-connections"> configuration parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-o <replaceable class="parameter">extra-options</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The command-line-style options specified in <replaceable
        class="parameter">extra-options</replaceable> are passed to
        all server processes started by this
        <command>postgres</command> process.  If the option string contains
        any spaces, the entire string must be quoted.
       </para>

       <para>
        The use of this option is obsolete; all command-line options
        for server processes can be specified directly on the
        <command>postgres</command> command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the TCP/IP port or local Unix domain socket file
        extension on which <command>postgres</command>
        is to listen for connections from client applications.
        Defaults to the value of the <envar>PGPORT</envar> environment
        variable, or if <envar>PGPORT</envar> is not set, then
        defaults to the value established during compilation (normally
        5432).  If you specify a port other than the default port,
        then all client applications must specify the same port using
        either command-line options or <envar>PGPORT</envar>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-s</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Print time information and other statistics at the end of each command.
        This is useful for benchmarking or for use in tuning the number of
        buffers.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-S</option> <replaceable class="parameter">work-mem</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the amount of memory to be used by internal sorts and hashes
        before resorting to temporary disk files.  See the description of the
        <varname>work_mem</> configuration parameter in <xref
        linkend="runtime-config-resource-memory">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--<replaceable>name</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets a named run-time parameter; a shorter form of
        <option>-c</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--describe-config</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This option dumps out the server's internal configuration variables, 
        descriptions, and defaults in tab-delimited <command>COPY</> format.
        It is designed primarily for use by administration tools.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect2>

   <refsect2>
    <title>Semi-internal Options</title>

    <para>
     The options described here are used
     mainly for debugging purposes, and in some cases to assist with
     recovery of severely damaged databases. There should be no reason
     to use them in a production database setup.  They are listed
     here only for use by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
     system developers.  Furthermore, these options might
     change or be removed in a future release without notice.
    </para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-f</option> <literal>{ s | i | m | n | h }</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Forbids the use of particular scan and join methods:
        <literal>s</literal> and <literal>i</literal>
        disable sequential and index scans respectively, while
        <literal>n</literal>, <literal>m</literal>, and <literal>h</literal>
        disable nested-loop, merge and hash joins respectively.
       </para>
        
       <para>
        Neither sequential scans nor nested-loop joins can be disabled
        completely; the <literal>-fs</literal> and
        <literal>-fn</literal> options simply discourage the optimizer
        from using those plan types if it has any other alternative.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-n</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This option is for debugging problems that cause a server
        process to die abnormally.  The ordinary strategy in this
        situation is to notify all other server processes that they
        must terminate and then reinitialize the shared memory and
        semaphores.  This is because an errant server process could
        have corrupted some shared state before terminating.  This
        option specifies that <command>postgres</command> will
        not reinitialize shared data structures.  A knowledgeable
        system programmer can then use a debugger to examine shared
        memory and semaphore state.
       </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-O</option></term>
      <listitem>