readme.poeigl

Util-linux 软件包包含许多工具。其中比较重要的是加载、卸载、格式化、分区和管理硬盘驱动器

	by Lars Wirzenius.

	Simpleinit will now write a REBOOT record to wtmp on boot up. Time-
	zone support is now optional in simpleinit. Both of these patches
	were made by Scott Telford <[e-mail]>.

	This is for Linux 0.99.11 or later.

Version 1.17 (19-May-93): changes since 1.16:
	Login, simpleinit and write should now work with shadow passwords
	too. See the Makefile. Thanks to Anders Buch who let me have an
	account on his SLS based Linux box on the Internet, so I could test
	this. I should also thank [e-mail] (John Paul Morrison)
	who sent me the shadow patch to login.c

Version 1.16 (24-Apr-93): changes since 1.15a:
	Simpleinit now clears the utmp entry associated with the pid's that
	it reaps if there is one. A few are still using simpleinit and this
	was a popular demand. It also appends an entry to wtmp

Version 1.15a (15-Mar-93): changes since 1.13a:
	[e-mail] (Jun Hamano) sent me a one-line fix
	for occasional mangled issue-output from agetty.

Version 1.13a (2-Mar-93): changes since 1.12a:
	With the new LILO (0.9), there are more than one possible arg
	to init, so Werner Almesberger <[e-mail]>
	suggested that a loop over argv[] was made in boot_single() in
	simpleinit.c

Version 1.12a (24-Feb-93): changes since 1.11:
	This is for Linux 0.99.6 or later. Built with gcc 2.3.3 and libc4.2
	[e-mail] (Rick Sladkey) told me that the setenv("TZ",..)
	in login.c did more harm than good, so I commented it out.

Version 1.11a (16-Feb-93): changes since 1.9a:
	This is for Linux 0.99.5 or later.
	Anthony Rumble <[e-mail]> made me avare that
	the patches for vhangup() from Steven S. Dick didn't quite work,
	so I changed it.

	Linus Torvalds provided another patch relating to vhangup, since
	in newer Linuxen vhangup() doesn't really close all files, so we
	can't just open the tty's again.

Version 1.9a (18-Jan-93): changes since 1.8a:
	Rick Faith sent me man-pages for most of the untilities in this
	package. They are now included.

	Steven S. Dick <[e-mail]> sent me a patch for login.c
	so DTR won't drop during vhangup() on a modemline.

	This is completely untested!! I haven't even had the time to
	compile it yet.

Version 1.8a (13-Dec-92): changes since 1.7:
	This is for Linux 0.98.6 or later. Compiles with gcc2.2.2d7 and libc4.1

	Bettered write/wall after fix from I forget who. Now wall can have
	commandline args.

	Fixed bug in who.c

	Patched simpleinit.c with patch from Ed Carp, so it sets the timezone
	from /etc/TZ. Should probably by be /etc/timezone.

	Sander Van Malssen <[e-mail]> provided a patch
	for getty, so it can understand certain escapecodes in /etc/issue.

	I hacked up a very simple substitute for a syslog() call, to try out
	the logging. If you have a real syslog() and syslogd then use that!

	The special vhangup.c file is out, it's in the official libc by now.
	(and even in the libc that I have :-)

	who, and write are now deprecated, get the better ones from one of
	the GNU packages, shellutils I think.

	Some people think that the simple init provided in this package is too
	spartan, if you think the same, then get the SYSV compatible init
	from Miquel van Smoorenburg <[e-mail]>
	Simpleinit will probably be deprecated in the future.

Version 1.7: 26-Oct-92 changes since 1.6:
	This is for Linux 0.97PL4 or later.

	Thanks to Werner Almesberger, init now has support for a 
	singleuser mode. 

	Login now supports the -h <hostname> option, used in connection
	with TCP/IP. (rlogin/telnet)

	Getty writes an entry to /etc/wtmp when started, so last won't report
	"still logged in" for tty's that have not been logged into since
	the last user of that tty logged out. This patch was inspired by
	Mitchum DSouza. To gain the full benefit of this, get the newest
	last from the admutils-1.4.tar.Z package or later.

Version 1.6 (29-Aug-92): changes since 1.5:
	This is for Linux 0.97P1+ or later.
	
	Login now uses the newly implemented vhangup() sys-call, to prevent
	snooping on the tty.
	An alternative getpass() function is now provided with login, because
	I was told that the old one in libc didn't work with telnet and
	or rlogin. I don't have a network or a kernel with TCP/IP so I haven't
	tested the new one with telnet, but it is derived from BSD sources
	that are supposed to work with networking.

Version 1.5 (12-Aug-92): changes since 1.4
	This is for Linux 0.97 or later, and has been built with gcc2.2.2

	This release just puts in a few bugfixes in login.c and simpleinit.c

Version 1.4 (4-Jul-92): changes since 1.3:
	This is for Linux 0.96b, and has been built and tested with gcc 2.2.2.

	Init now handles the SIGINT signal. When init gets a SIGINT it will
	call /usr/bin/reboot and thereby gently reboot the machine. This
	makes sense because after Linux 0.96B-PL1 the key-combination
	Ctrl-Alt-Del may send a SIGINT to init instead of booting the 
	machine the hard way without syncing or anything.

	You may want to get the admutils-1.1 package which includes a program
	that will instruct the kernel to use the "gentle-reboot" procedure.

Version 1.3 (14-Jun-92): changes since 1.2:
	This is for Linux 0.96A.

	The ioctl(TIOCSWINSZ) has been removed from login.c because it now
	works :-).
	
	login.c now supports a lastlog database.

	Several programs and pieces of source that were included in the 1.2
	package has been *removed* as they are incorporated into the new
	libc. Other omitted parts such as last(1) has been replaced by
	better versions, and can be found in the admutils package.

	Agetty is now called getty and will be placed in /etc.

	A few changes has been made to make it possible to compile the
	stuff with GCC 2.x.

Version 1.2 (28-Feb-92): changes since 1.1:
	This is for Linux 0.12.

	A couple of problems with simpleinit.c has been solved, thanks to
	Humberto Zuazaga. So now init groks comments in /etc/inittab, and
	handles the HUP and TSTP signals properly.

	I added two small scripts to the distribution: users and mesg.

	TERM is now carried through from /etc/inittab all the way to the
	shell. Console tty's are special-cased, so the termcap entry in
	/etc/inittab is overridden by the setting given at boot-time.
	This requires a different patch to the kernel than that distributed
	with version 1.1

	Login no more sends superfluous chars from a password to the 
	shell. It also properly prints a NL after the password.

	Agetty didn't set the erase character properly, it does now.

	A few extra defines has been added to utmp.h

	Several netters helped discover the bugs in 1.1. Thanks to them
	all.

Version 1.1 (released 19-Feb-92): Changes since 1.0:
	A bug in simpleinit.c has been fixed, thanks to Pietro Castelli.
	The definition of the ut_line field has been changed to track the
	USG standard more closely, we now strip "/dev/" off the front.
	Thanks to: Douglas E. Quale and Stephen Gallimore.

	I have added a getlogin.c library routine, and a write(1) command.
	I removed the qpl-init stuff. If people want to use it, they should
	get it from the source. I don't want to hack on it anymore.

	A couple of people reported problems with getty having problems 
	with serial terminals. That was correct. I borrowed a null-modem
	from Tommy Thorn, and now the problems should be fixed. It seems
	that there is kept a lot of garbage in the serial buffers, flush
	them and it works like a charm. Getty does an ioctl(0, TCFLSH, 2)
	for this.

	The write.c code now doubles as code for a wall(1) program.

Description of the various files:

login.c		The login program. This is a portation of BSD login, first
		to HP-UX 8.0 by Michael Glad ([e-mail]), and
		to Linux (initially to 0.12) by me.

who.c		A simple who(1) util. to list utmp. Done by me.
		You may prefer the GNU who util. with more options
		and features.

hostname.c	A hostname(1) command to get and set the hostname. I did
		this too.

domainname.c	Like hostname, only reads out or sets the domainname.

agetty.c	The getty program. From comp.sources.misc, by W.Z. Venema.
		Hacked a bit by me.

simpleinit.c	A simple init program, written by me. Uses /etc/inittab

		A "kill -HUP" to init makes it re-read /etc/inittab.
		A "kill -TSTP" to init makes it stop spawning gettys on the
		ttys. A second "kill -TSTP" starts it again.
		A kill -INT to init makes it attempt a reboot of the machine.
		this works in connection with kernel support for softboot
		when Ctrl-Alt-Del is pressed.

		Init will start up in singleuser mode if /etc/singleboot
		exists at boottime, or if it is given an argument of "single"
		via eg. LILO. If /etc/securesingle exists it will ask for the
		root password before starting single user.

write.c		A write(1) command, used to pass messages between users
		at different terminals. This code doubles as code for 
		a wall(1) command. Make a symlink: /usr/bin/wall ->
		/usr/bin/write for this.

mesg		A tiny shellscript, so you can avoid that other people write
		to your shell.

users		Another script that uses awk(1) and tr(1) to process the
		output from who(1) into a one-liner.
		If you don't have awk, but have Perl, this does the same:

		who | perl -ane 'print "$F[0] "'; echo ""

pathnames.h:
		Header.

param.h
		Header, extended with getdtablesize() macro, should go
		in /usr/include/sys

Building.
---------
A "make all" should do. At least it does for me.

Installation:
-------------

login		should go in /bin, if you don't like this change
		pathnames.h and recompile at least agetty.

getty, init	Put them in SBINDIR

who, hostname, write, wall, mesg, users:
		/usr/bin

securetty	login needs this in /etc, defines which ttys that root
		can login on. This should *never* include ttys{1,2}

inittab		the simpleinit code needs this in /etc. Note that the syntax
		of /etc/inittab has little to do with the syntax of a real
		SysV inittab. Edit this one for your local setup.

shells		The chsh program will use this if it's placed in /etc. It
		defines the valid shell-programs. Have one abs. path on
		each line.

You can also do a "make install" as root, but don't just do it because I
say so, check the Makefile first.

"Make install" will install only the new binaries, and not motd, inittab,
securetty and issue. To install these configuration files, do a 
"make Install".

Getty requires a /dev/console to write errors to. I just made it a symlink
to /dev/tty1. Because of a bug in the tty driver this errorlogging may
cause the shell on tty1 to logout.

Getty will print the contents of /etc/issue if it's present before asking
for username. Login will print the contents of /etc/motd after successful
login. Login doesn't print /etc/motd, and doesn't check for mail if
~/.hushlogin is present and world readable.

If /etc/nologin is present then login will print its contents and disallow
any logins except root.
It might be a good idea to have a "rm -f /etc/nologin" line in one's 
/etc/rc file.

If /etc/securetty is present it defines which tty's that root can login on.

   - Peter ([e-mail])