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<table width="100%" summary="page for contr.sdif {MASS}"><tr><td>contr.sdif {MASS}</td><td align="right">R Documentation</td></tr></table>
<h2>Successive Differences contrast coding</h2>


<h3>Description</h3>

<p>
A coding for unordered factors based on successive differences.
</p>


<h3>Usage</h3>

<pre>
contr.sdif(n, contrasts = TRUE)
</pre>


<h3>Arguments</h3>

<table summary="R argblock">
<tr valign="top"><td><code>n</code></td>
<td>
The number of levels required.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>contrasts</code></td>
<td>
Should there be <code>n - 1</code> columns orthogonal to the mean (the default)
or <code>n</code> columns spanning the space.
</td></tr>
</table>

<h3>Details</h3>

<p>
The contrast coefficients are chosen so that the coded coefficients
in a one-way layout are the differences between the means of the
second and first levels, the third and second levels, and so on.
</p>


<h3>Value</h3>

<p>
If <code>contrasts is</code> <code>TRUE</code>, a matrix with <code>n</code> rows and <code>n - 1</code> columns,
and the <code>n</code> by <code>n</code> identity matrix if <code>contrasts</code> is <code>FALSE</code>.</p>

<h3>References</h3>

<p>
Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002)
<EM>Modern Applied Statistics with S.</EM>
Fourth Edition, Springer.
</p>


<h3>See Also</h3>

<p>
<code><a href="../../stats/html/contrast.html">contr.treatment</a></code>, <code><a href="../../stats/html/contrast.html">contr.sum</a></code>, <code><a href="../../stats/html/contrast.html">contr.helmert</a></code>
</p>


<h3>Examples</h3>

<pre>
contr.sdif(6)
</pre>



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