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<h2 align="center"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><a name="_top"></a>5.4 <font COLOR="#000000">结构和函数</font></font></h2>
<div align="center"><center>

<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td width="50%" align="center"><a href="c54.htm#c541.html#c541">结构作为函数的参数</a></td>
    <td width="50%" align="center"><a href="c54.htm#c542.html#c542">结构作为函数的返回值</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center></div>

<hr>

<h3><a name="c541"></a>1.结构作为函数的参数</h3>

<blockquote>
  <p align="left">结构是比简单数据类型稍复杂的一种数据类型。在大多数旧实现中, 
  结构本身不能用来作为函数的参数。但在较新实现中, 
  此限制取消了。用结构作为参数有四种情形:<br>
  1. 直接用它本身<br>
  2. 用结构成员<br>
  3. 用结构地址<br>
  4. 用数组</p>
  <p align="left">情形 1 :直接用结构作为参数<br>
  </p>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">模块 1 :函数定义<br>
    struct book<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float cost;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; int series;<br>
    };<br>
    float fcost(<font color="#FF0000">struct book item1,struct book item2</font>)<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (item1.series!=item2.series)<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return(item1.cost+item2.cost);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else return(item1.cost);<br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">模块 2 :主程序<br>
    #include &quot;stdio.h&quot;<br>
    main()<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; struct book book1,book2;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float fcost(struct book,struct book);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printf(&quot;Please input series and&nbsp;&nbsp; cost of book1 and 
    book2.\n&quot;);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; scanf(&quot;%d %f %d %f&quot;,&amp;book1.series, 
    &amp;book1.cost,&amp;book2.series, &amp;book2.cost);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printf(&quot;total cost is %.2f\n&quot;, <font color="#FF0000">fcost(book1,book2)</font>);<br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left"><font color="#FF0000">注意:</font>这种性能依赖于具体实现。如果这种方法不行, 
    你可以用其它方法来满足你的需要!!</p>
  </blockquote>
  <p align="left">情形 2 :用结构成员作为参数</p>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">struct payment {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; char *name;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float salary;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float subsidy;<br>
    }clerk={ &quot;Karlis&quot;,150.20,30.0};<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    main()<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float total,sum(float,float);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; extern struct payment clerk;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printf(&quot;clerk %s has a total wage\n<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of $%.2f\n&quot;,clerk.name,\n<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font
    color="#FF0000">sum(clerk.salary,clerk.subsidy)</font>);<br>
    }<br>
    float sum(float x,float y)<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return(x+y);<br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">解释:salary 和 subsidy 是结构clerk 
    的成员。它们都是简单类型 --float类型。 
    它们当然可以用作函数的参数。</p>
  </blockquote>
  <p align="left">情形 3 :用结构地址</p>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">struct payment {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; char *name;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float salary;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float subsidy;<br>
    }clerk={&quot;Karlis&quot;,150.20,30.0};<br>
    </p>
    <p align="left">main()<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float sum(struct payment *);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printf(&quot;clerk %s has a total wage\n<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; $%.2f.\n&quot;,<font color="#FF0000">sum(&amp;clerk)</font>);<br>
    }<br>
    float sum(<font color="#FF0000">struct payment *wage</font>)<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return(wage-&gt;salary+wage-&gt;subsidy);<br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">解释:结构的地址是一个单个的数。用它作为函数参数是非常好的。&amp;运算符是用来得到结构的地址。把地址 
    &amp; clerk 传给函数 sum(), 使得 wage 指针指向 结构 clerk。<br>
    参阅 6 . 1 和6 . 2。</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left"><font color="#FF0000">注意</font>: 
    初学者很难理解这种情形。你可以暂时忽略这一段, 学过第 6 
    章指针之后再来学它。<br>
    <br>
    </p>
  </blockquote>
  <p align="left">情形 4 :用数组</p>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">模块 1 :变量的定义和初始化<br>
    struct payment<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; char *name;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float salary;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float subsidy;<br>
    } clerk[2]={{&quot;Karlis&quot;,150.2,20},{&quot;Fred&quot;,146.5,20}};</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left">模块 2 :主程序<br>
    main()<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float sum(struct payment *);<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printf(&quot;The total money is\n<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; $%.2f\n&quot;,<font color="#FF0000">sum(clerk)</font>);<br>
    }<br>
    float sum(<font color="#FF0000">struct payment *wage</font>)<br>
    struct payment *wage;<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; float total;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; int i;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; for(i=0,total=0;i&lt;2;i++,wage++)<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; total+=wage-&gt;salary+wage-&gt;subsidy;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return(total);<br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <blockquote>
    <p align="left"><br>
    解释:作为结构数组,数组名是指向数组的指针。也就是说, 
    它是地址的代名词。因此它可以传递给函数。<br>
    请参阅第 6 章指针!!</p>
    <p align="right"><a href="c54.htm#_top.html#_top">返回页首</a></p>
  </blockquote>
</blockquote>

<hr>

<h3><a name="c542"></a>2.结构作为函数的返回值</h3>

<blockquote>
  <p>就象用结构作为函数参数一样, 
  有些实现允许直接用结构作为函数返回值, 
  但有些实现不允许。看解释和例子。</p>
  <p>情形 1 :直接用结构</p>
  <blockquote>
    <p>struct content<br>
    { <br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; int n1;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; int n2;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; int avg;<br>
    };<br>
    struct content value(<font color="#FF0000">struct content item</font>)<br>
    {<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; item.avg=(item.n1+item.n2)/2;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; item.n1=0;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; item.n2=0;<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font color="#FF0000">return(item);</font><br>
    }</p>
  </blockquote>
  <p>情形 2 :用结构地址</p>
  <blockquote>
    <p>这种方法也可通过用指向结构的指针来实现.<br>
    格式是: <br>
    struct 类型名1 *函数名 ( 类型名2 参数 )<br>
    {<br>
    ...<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return( 指向类型 1 的指针 );<br>
    }<br>
    <img src="../img/c541.jpg" alt="c541.jpg (7042 bytes)" WIDTH="325" HEIGHT="125"></p>
    <p align="right"><a href="c54.htm#_top.html#_top">返回页首</a></p>
    <p> </p>
  </blockquote>
</blockquote>

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